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We explore a class of stochastic multiplayer games where each player in the game aims to optimize its objective under uncertainty and adheres to some expectation constraints. The study employs an offline learning paradigm, leveraging a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-09 Yuanhanqing Huang , Jianghai Hu

Formation strategy is one of the most important parts of many multi-agent systems with many applications in real world problems. In this paper, a framework for learning this task in a limited domain (restricted environment) is proposed. In…

Normal-form games (NFGs) are the fundamental model of strategic interaction. We study their representation using neural networks. We describe the inherent equivariance of NFGs -- any permutation of strategies describes an equivalent game --…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Siqi Liu , Luke Marris , Georgios Piliouras , Ian Gemp , Nicolas Heess

Tremendous advances have been made in multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL). MARL corresponds to the learning problem in a multiagent system in which multiple agents learn simultaneously. It is an interdisciplinary field of study with a…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Yaodong Yang , Chengdong Ma , Zihan Ding , Stephen McAleer , Chi Jin , Jun Wang , Tuomas Sandholm

Adversarial decision-making in partially observable multi-agent systems requires sophisticated strategies for both deception and counter-deception. This paper presents a sequential hypothesis testing (SHT)-driven framework that captures the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-14 Haosheng Zhou , Daniel Ralston , Xu Yang , Ruimeng Hu

Zero-sum stochastic games provide a rich model for competitive decision making. However, under general forms of state uncertainty as considered in the Partially Observable Stochastic Game (POSG), such decision making problems are still not…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-06-23 Auke J. Wiggers , Frans A. Oliehoek , Diederik M. Roijers

Offline multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) aims to solve cooperative decision-making problems in multi-agent systems using pre-collected datasets. Existing offline MARL methods primarily constrain training within the dataset…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-01 Sijia Li , Xinran Li , Shibo Chen , Jun Zhang

In stochastic games with incomplete information, the uncertainty is evoked by the lack of knowledge about a player's own and the other players' types, i.e. the utility function and the policy space, and also the inherent stochasticity of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-21 Hannes Eriksson , Debabrota Basu , Mina Alibeigi , Christos Dimitrakakis

Multi-agent formation as well as obstacle avoidance is one of the most actively studied topics in the field of multi-agent systems. Although some classic controllers like model predictive control (MPC) and fuzzy control achieve a certain…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-16 Yuzi Yan , Xiaoxiang Li , Xinyou Qiu , Jiantao Qiu , Jian Wang , Yu Wang , Yuan Shen

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) under partial observability has long been considered challenging, primarily due to the requirement for each agent to maintain a belief over all other agents' local histories -- a domain that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Weichao Mao , Kaiqing Zhang , Erik Miehling , Tamer Başar

We present a simulation-based approach for solution of mean field games (MFGs), using the framework of empirical game-theoretical analysis (EGTA). Our primary method employs a version of the double oracle, iteratively adding strategies…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Yongzhao Wang , Michael P. Wellman

We present a reinforcement learning strategy for use in multi-agent foraging systems in which the learning is centralised to a single agent and its model is periodically disseminated among the population of non-learning agents. In a domain…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Ian O'Flynn , Harun Šiljak

Flocking control is essential for multi-robot systems in diverse applications, yet achieving efficient flocking in congested environments poses challenges regarding computation burdens, performance optimality, and motion safety. This paper…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Dengyu Zhang , Chenghao , Feng Xue , Qingrui Zhang

Finite-state mean-field games (MFGs) arise as limits of large interacting particle systems and are governed by an MFG system, a coupled forward-backward differential equation consisting of a forward Kolmogorov-Fokker-Planck (KFP) equation…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-16 William Hofgard , Asaf Cohen , Mathieu Laurière

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) provides an efficient way for simultaneously learning policies for multiple agents interacting with each other. However, in scenarios requiring complex interactions, existing algorithms can suffer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Xiaobai Ma , David Isele , Jayesh K. Gupta , Kikuo Fujimura , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

In this work, an abstract and general language for the fundamental objects underlying dynamic games under probabilistic uncertainty is developed. Combining the theory of decision trees by Al\'os-Ferrer--Ritzberger (2005) and a Harsanyian…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-08-26 E. Emanuel Rapsch

Extensive-form games (EFGs) provide a powerful framework for modeling sequential decision making, capturing strategic interaction under imperfect information, chance events, and temporal structure. Most positive algorithmic and theoretical…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Rui Zheng , Ryann Sim , Antonios Varvitsiotis

Offline multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is severely hampered by the challenge of evaluating out-of-distribution (OOD) joint actions. Our core finding is that when the behavior policy is factorized - a common scenario where agents…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Yue Jin , Giovanni Montana

Understanding how individual agents make strategic decisions within collectives is important for advancing fields as diverse as economics, neuroscience, and multi-agent systems. Two complementary approaches can be integrated to this end.…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Jaime Ruiz-Serra , Patrick Sweeney , Michael S. Harré

We introduce the concept of a multi-principal assistance game (MPAG), and circumvent an obstacle in social choice theory, Gibbard's theorem, by using a sufficiently collegial preference inference mechanism. In an MPAG, a single agent…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Arnaud Fickinger , Simon Zhuang , Andrew Critch , Dylan Hadfield-Menell , Stuart Russell