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Real-time analytics systems employ hybrid data layouts in which data are stored in different formats throughout their lifecycle. Recent data are stored in a row-oriented format to serve OLTP workloads and support high insert rates, while…

Databases · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Hemant Saxena , Lukasz Golab , Stratos Idreos , Ihab F. Ilyas

LSM-tree-based data stores are widely used in industry due to their exceptional performance. However, as data volumes grow, efficiently querying large-scale databases becomes increasingly challenging. To address this, recent studies…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Junfeng Liu , Jiarui Ye , Mengshi Chen , Meng Li , Siqiang Luo

Log-Structured Merge trees (LSM trees) are increasingly used as part of the storage engine behind several data systems, and are frequently deployed in the cloud. As the number of applications relying on LSM-based storage backends increases,…

Databases · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Andy Huynh , Harshal A. Chaudhari , Evimaria Terzi , Manos Athanassoulis

LSM-tree based key-value (KV) stores organize data in a multi-level structure for high-speed writes. Range queries on traditional LSM-trees must seek and sort-merge data from multiple table files on the fly, which is expensive and often…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-01-27 Wenshao Zhong , Chen Chen , Xingbo Wu , Song Jiang

LSM-tree based key-value stores are widely adopted as the data storage backend in modern big data applications. The LSM-tree grows with data ingestion, by either adding levels with fixed level capacities (dubbed as vertical scheme) or…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Dingheng Mo , Siqiang Luo , Stratos Idreos

Database Management Systems and K/V-Stores operate on updatable datasets -- massively exceeding the size of available main memory. Tree-based K/V storage management structures became particularly popular in storage engines. B+ Trees allow…

Databases · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Christian Riegger , Ilia Petrov

With the prevalence of online platforms, today, data is being generated and accessed by users at a very high rate. Besides, applications such as stock trading or high frequency trading require guaranteed low delays for performing an…

Databases · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Sepanta Zeighami , Raymond Chi-Wing Wong

The multi-level design of Log-Structured Merge-trees (LSM-trees) naturally fits the tiered storage architecture: the upper levels (recently inserted/updated records) are kept in fast storage to guarantee performance while the lower levels…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Jiansheng Qiu , Fangzhou Yuan , Mingyu Gao , Huanchen Zhang

LSM-tree has been widely used in cloud computing systems by Google, Facebook, and Amazon, to achieve high performance for write-intensive workloads. However, in LSM-tree, random key-value queries can experience long latency and low…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-06-08 Lei Guo , Dejun Teng , Rubao Lee , Feng Chen , Siyuan Ma , Xiaodong Zhang

Data processing engines increasingly leverage distributed file systems for scalable, cost-effective storage. While the Apache Parquet columnar format has become a popular choice for data storage and retrieval, the immutability of Parquet…

The development of high-speed storage devices such as NVMe SSDs has shifted the primary I/O bottleneck from hardware to software. Modern database systems also rely on kernel-based I/O paths, where frequent system call invocations and…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Hongsu Byun , Seungjae Lee , Honghyeon Yoo , Myoungjoon Kim , Sungyong Park

The log-structured merge tree (LSM-tree) gains wide popularity in building key-value (KV) stores. It employs logs to back up arriving KV pairs and maintains a few on-disk levels with exponentially increasing capacity limits, resembling a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Yanpeng Hu , Chundong Wang

Modern data-intensive applications increasingly store and process big-value items, such as multimedia objects and machine learning embeddings, which exacerbate storage inefficiencies in Log-Structured Merge-Tree (LSM)-based key-value…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Ming Li , Wendi Cheng , Jiahe Wei , Xueqiang Shan , Weikai Liu , Xiaonan Zhao , Xiao Zhang

The cloud infrastructure motivates disaggregation of monolithic data stores into components that are assembled together based on an application's workload. This study investigates disaggregation of an LSM-tree key-value store into…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Haoyu Huang , Shahram Ghandeharizadeh

Multicopy search structures such as log-structured merge (LSM) trees are optimized for high insert/update/delete (collectively known as upsert) performance. In such data structures, an upsert on key $k$, which adds $(k,v)$ where $v$ can be…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Nisarg Patel , Siddharth Krishna , Dennis Shasha , Thomas Wies

We present LearnedKV, a novel tiered key-value store that seamlessly integrates a Log-Structured Merge (LSM) tree with a Learned Index to achieve superior read and write performance on storage systems. While existing approaches use learned…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Wenlong Wang , David Hung-Chang Du

Log-Structured Merge (LSM) tree-based Key-Value Stores (KVSs) are widely adopted for their high performance in write-intensive environments, but they often face performance degradation due to write stalls during compaction. Prior solutions,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-30 KiHwan Kim , Hyunsun Chung , Seonghoon Ahn , Junhyeok Park , Safdar Jamil , Hongsu Byun , Myungcheol Lee , Jinchun Choi , Youngjae Kim

Data-intensive applications fueled the evolution of log structured merge (LSM) based key-value engines that employ the out-of-place paradigm to support high ingestion rates with low read/write interference. These benefits, however, come at…

Databases · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Subhadeep Sarkar , Tarikul Islam Papon , Dimitris Staratzis , Manos Athanassoulis

Data structures used in software development have inbuilt redundancy to improve software reliability and to speed up performance. Examples include a Doubly Linked List which allows a faster deletion due to the presence of the previous…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Pratyush Mahapatra , Mark D. Hill , Michael M. Swift

We use machine learning to optimize LSM-tree structure, aiming to reduce the cost of processing various read/write operations. We introduce a new approach Camal, which boasts the following features: (1) ML-Aided: Camal is the first attempt…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Weiping Yu , Siqiang Luo , Zihao Yu , Gao Cong