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Reinforcement learning algorithms are typically designed for generic Markov Decision Processes (MDPs), where any state-action pair can lead to an arbitrary transition distribution. In many practical systems, however, only a subset of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Davide Maran , Davide Salaorni , Marcello Restelli

We introduce the concept of a \emph{cycle pattern} for directed graphs as functions from the set of cycles to the set $\{-,0,+\}$. The key example for such a pattern is derived from a weight function, giving rise to the sign of the total…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Georg Loho , Matthew Maat , Mateusz Skomra

Symbolic indefinite integration in Computer Algebra Systems such as Maple involves selecting the most effective algorithm from multiple available methods. Not all methods will succeed for a given problem, and when several do, the results,…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Rashid Barket , Matthew England , Jürgen Gerhard

We consider a dynamic model for competition in a social network, where two strategic agents have fixed beliefs and the non-strategic/regular agents adjust their states according to a distributed consensus protocol. We suppose that one…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-05-06 M. Bini , P. Frasca , C. Ravazzi , F. Dabbene

In this paper, a hierarchical one-leader-multi-followers game for a class of continuous-time nonlinear systems with disturbance is investigated by a novel policy iteration reinforcement learning technique in which, the game model consists…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-07-29 Mohammad reza Satouri , Hamed Kebriaei , Abolhassan Razminia , Mohammad javad Yazdanpanah

Interpretable classifiers have recently witnessed an increase in attention from the data mining community because they are inherently easier to understand and explain than their more complex counterparts. Examples of interpretable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-01 Hugo M. Proença , Matthijs van Leeuwen

The linear Markov Decision Process (MDP) framework offers a principled foundation for reinforcement learning (RL) with strong theoretical guarantees and sample efficiency. However, its restrictive assumption-that both transition dynamics…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-03 Sinian Zhang , Kaicheng Zhang , Ziping Xu , Tianxi Cai , Doudou Zhou

Policy gradient (PG) is a reinforcement learning (RL) approach that optimizes a parameterized policy model for an expected return using gradient ascent. While PG can work well even in non-Markovian environments, it may encounter plateaus or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Tetsuro Morimura , Kazuhiro Ota , Kenshi Abe , Peinan Zhang

In this paper, we consider reinforcement learning of Markov Decision Processes (MDP) with peak constraints, where an agent chooses a policy to optimize an objective and at the same time satisfy additional constraints. The agent has to take…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-12-09 Ather Gattami

Markov Decision Processes (MDPs), the mathematical framework underlying most algorithms in Reinforcement Learning (RL), are often used in a way that wrongfully assumes that the state of an agent's environment does not change during action…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-13 Simon Ramstedt , Christopher Pal

In many real-world decision problems there is partially observed, hidden or latent information that remains fixed throughout an interaction. Such decision problems can be modeled as Latent Markov Decision Processes (LMDPs), where a latent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Jeongyeol Kwon , Shie Mannor , Constantine Caramanis , Yonathan Efroni

We study the problem of selecting a small, representative action subset from an extremely large action space shared across a family of reinforcement learning (RL) environments -- a fundamental challenge in applications like inventory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Quan Zhou , Shie Mannor

This work exploits action equivariance for representation learning in reinforcement learning. Equivariance under actions states that transitions in the input space are mirrored by equivalent transitions in latent space, while the map and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-28 Elise van der Pol , Thomas Kipf , Frans A. Oliehoek , Max Welling

Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) are a mathematical framework for modeling sequential decision making under uncertainty. The classical approaches for solving MDPs are well known and have been widely studied, some of which rely on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-18 Joshua R. Bertram , Xuxi Yang , Peng Wei

We present an axiomatic framework for analyzing the algorithmic properties of decision trees. This framework supports the classification of decision tree problems through structural and ancestral constraints within a rigorous mathematical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Xi He , Max A. Little

We study the relation between different Markov Decision Process (MDP) frameworks in the machine learning and econometrics literatures, including the standard MDP, the entropy and general regularized MDP, and stochastic MDP, where the latter…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-08-19 Tien Mai , Patrick Jaillet

Counterfactuals are widely used in AI to explain how minimal changes to a model's input can lead to a different output. However, established methods for computing counterfactuals typically focus on one-step decision-making, and are not…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Paul Kobialka , Lina Gerlach , Francesco Leofante , Erika Ábrahám , Silvia Lizeth Tapia Tarifa , Einar Broch Johnsen

In this paper we investigate the use of staged tree models for discrete longitudinal data. Staged trees are a type of probabilistic graphical model for finite sample space processes. They are a natural fit for longitudinal data because a…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-01-10 Jack Storror Carter , Manuele Leonelli , Eva Riccomagno , Alessandro Ugolini

Graphs arise naturally in many real-world applications including social networks, recommender systems, ontologies, biology, and computational finance. Traditionally, machine learning models for graphs have been mostly designed for static…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Seyed Mehran Kazemi , Rishab Goel , Kshitij Jain , Ivan Kobyzev , Akshay Sethi , Peter Forsyth , Pascal Poupart

We study countably infinite Markov decision processes (MDPs) with real-valued transition rewards. Every infinite run induces the following sequences of payoffs: 1. Point payoff (the sequence of directly seen transition rewards), 2. Mean…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Richard Mayr , Eric Munday