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Lattice surgery is a measurement-based technique for performing fault-tolerant quantum computation in two dimensions. When using the surface code, the most general lattice surgery operations require lattice irregularities called twist…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-04 Christopher Chamberland , Earl T. Campbell

Surface codes represent a leading approach for quantum error correction (QEC), offering a path towards universal fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC). However, efficiently implementing algorithms, particularly using Pauli-based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-02 Shuwen Kan , Zefan Du , Chenxu Liu , Meng Wang , Yufei Ding , Ang Li , Ying Mao , Samuel Stein

Quantum code surgery is a flexible and low overhead technique for performing logical measurements on quantum error-correcting codes, which generalises lattice surgery. In this work, we present a code surgery scheme, applicable to any qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Alexander Cowtan , Zhiyang He , Dominic J. Williamson , Theodore J. Yoder

Facilitating the ability to achieve logical qubit error rates below physical qubit error rates, error correction is anticipated to play an important role in scaling quantum computers. While many algorithms require millions of physical…

In this paper, we explore the relationship between the width of a qubit lattice constrained in one dimension and physical thresholds for scalable, fault-tolerant quantum computation. To circumvent the traditionally low thresholds of small…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-15 Alexis T. E. Shaw , Michael J. Bremner , Alexandru Paler , Daniel Herr , Simon J. Devitt

Code-switching is a powerful technique in quantum error correction that allows one to leverage the complementary strengths of different codes to achieve fault-tolerant universal quantum computation. However, existing code-switching…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-10 Shi Jie Samuel Tan , Yifan Hong , Ting-Chun Lin , Michael J. Gullans , Min-Hsiu Hsieh

This is a comprehensive review on fault-tolerant topological quantum computation with the surface codes. The basic concepts and useful tools underlying fault-tolerant quantum computation, such as universal quantum computation, stabilizer…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-04-08 Keisuke Fujii

A leading choice of error correction for scalable quantum computing is the surface code with lattice surgery. The basic lattice surgery operations, the merging and splitting of logical qubits, act non-unitarily on the logical states and are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-05 Niel de Beaudrap , Dominic Horsman

Active quantum error correction has been identified as a crucial ingredient of future quantum computers, motivating the recent experimental efforts to encode logical quantum bits using small topological codes. In addition to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-06 M. Gutiérrez , M. Müller , A. Bermudez

Future quantum computers will require quantum error correction for faithful operation. The correction capabilities come with an overhead for performing fault-tolerant logical operations on the encoded qubits. One of the most resource…

Large-scale quantum information processing requires the use of quantum error correcting codes to mitigate the effects of noise in quantum devices. Topological error-correcting codes, such as surface codes, are promising candidates as they…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-27 Kunihiro Wasa , Shin Nishio , Koki Suetsugu , Michael Hanks , Ashley Stephens , Yu Yokoi , Kae Nemoto

We present a comprehensive and self-contained simplified review of the quantum computing scheme of Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 190504 (2007), which features a 2-D nearest neighbor coupled lattice of qubits, a threshold error rate approaching 1%,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-13 Austin G. Fowler , Ashley M. Stephens , Peter Groszkowski

One of the leading quantum computing architectures is based on the two-dimensional (2D) surface code. This code has many advantageous properties such as a high error threshold and a planar layout of physical qubits where each physical qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-06 Michael Vasmer , Dan E. Browne

The surface code is designed to suppress errors in quantum computing hardware and currently offers the most believable pathway to large-scale quantum computation. The surface code requires a 2-D array of nearest-neighbor coupled qubits that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-10-04 Austin G. Fowler

The first generations of quantum computers will execute fault-tolerant quantum circuits, and it is very likely that such circuits will use surface quantum error correcting codes. To the best of our knowledge, no complete design automation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-08 Alexandru Paler

Modular architectures are a promising approach to scaling quantum computers to fault tolerance. Small, low-noise quantum processors connected through relatively noisy quantum links are capable of fault-tolerant operation as long as the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-16 Trond Hjerpekjøn Haug , Timo Hillmann , Anton Frisk Kockum , Raphaël Van Laer

It is the prevailing belief that quantum error correcting techniques will be required to build a utility-scale quantum computer able to perform computations that are out of reach of classical computers. The QECCs that have been most…

Fault-tolerant quantum computation using lattice surgery can be abstracted as operations on graphs, wherein each logical qubit corresponds to a vertex of the graph, and multi-qubit measurements are accomplished by connecting the vertices…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-26 Ryo Wakizaka , Yasunari Suzuki , Atsushi Igarashi

In this thesis we examine a variety of techniques for reducing the resources required for fault-tolerant quantum computation. First, we show how to simplify universal encoded computation by using only transversal gates and standard error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-10-21 Adam Paetznick

Quantum algorithms have the potential to provide exponential speedups over some of the best known classical algorithms. These speedups may enable quantum devices to solve currently intractable problems such as those in the fields of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-13 Ciarán Ryan-Anderson