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Soft random sampling (SRS) is a simple yet effective approach for efficient training of large-scale deep neural networks when dealing with massive data. SRS selects a subset uniformly at random with replacement from the full data set in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Xiaodong Cui , Ashish Mittal , Songtao Lu , Wei Zhang , George Saon , Brian Kingsbury

Symbolic Regression (SR) enables the discovery of interpretable mathematical relationships from experimental and simulation data. These relationships are often coined descriptors which are defined as a fundamental materials property that is…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-02-10 Udaykumar Gajera , Mohsen Sotoudeh , Kanchan Sarkar , Axel Groß

In symbolic regression, the goal is to find an analytical expression that accurately fits experimental data with the minimal use of mathematical symbols such as operators, variables, and constants. However, the combinatorial space of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Tommaso Bendinelli , Luca Biggio , Pierre-Alexandre Kamienny

We demonstrate the efficacy of symbolic regression (SR) to probe models of particle physics Beyond the Standard Model (BSM), by considering the so-called Constrained Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (CMSSM). Like many incarnations of…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-10-24 Shehu AbdusSalam , Steven Abel , Deaglan Bartlett , Miguel Crispim Romão

Describing the world behavior through mathematical functions help scientists to achieve a better understanding of the inner mechanisms of different phenomena. Traditionally, this is done by deriving new equations from first principles and…

Symbolic regression plays a crucial role in modern scientific research thanks to its capability of discovering concise and interpretable mathematical expressions from data. A key challenge lies in the search for parsimonious and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Kai Ruan , Yilong Xu , Ze-Feng Gao , Yike Guo , Hao Sun , Ji-Rong Wen , Yang Liu

Machine learning is often applied in health science to obtain predictions and new understandings of complex phenomena and relationships, but an availability of sufficient data for model training is a widespread problem. Traditional machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Casper Wilstrup , Jaan Kasak

Vertical Symbolic Regression (VSR) recently has been proposed to expedite the discovery of symbolic equations with many independent variables from experimental data. VSR reduces the search spaces following the vertical discovery path by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Nan Jiang , Md Nasim , Yexiang Xue

Symbolic regression is a machine learning technique, and it has seen many advancements in recent years, especially in genetic programming approaches (GPSR). Furthermore, it has been known for many years that constant optimization of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-04 L. G. A dos Reis , V. L. P. S. Caminha , T. J. P. Penna

Symbolic Regression (SR) aims to discover interpretable equations from observational data, with the potential to reveal underlying principles behind natural phenomena. However, existing approaches often fall into the Pseudo-Equation Trap:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Jing Xiao , Xinhai Chen , Jiaming Peng , Qinglin Wang , Menghan Jia , Zhiquan Lai , Guangping Yu , Dongsheng Li , Tiejun Li , Jie Liu

Symbolic regression aims to discover human-interpretable equations that explain observational data. However, existing approaches rely heavily on discrete structure search (e.g., genetic programming), which often leads to high computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Fateme Memar , Tao Zhe , Dongjie Wang

Symbolic regression (SR) aims to discover explicit mathematical expressions that explain observed data and is widely used in domains where interpretability is essential. Because interpretability requires expressions to reflect meaningful…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Koki Ikeda , Masahiro Nomura , Ryoki Hamano

The search for symbolic regression models with genetic programming (GP) has a tendency of revisiting expressions in their original or equivalent forms. Repeatedly evaluating equivalent expressions is inefficient, as it does not immediately…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Fabricio Olivetti de Franca , Gabriel Kronberger

Symbolic equations are at the core of scientific discovery. The task of discovering the underlying equation from a set of input-output pairs is called symbolic regression. Traditionally, symbolic regression methods use hand-designed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Luca Biggio , Tommaso Bendinelli , Alexander Neitz , Aurelien Lucchi , Giambattista Parascandolo

Symbolic Regression (SR) is a powerful technique for automatically discovering mathematical expressions from input data. Mainstream SR algorithms search for the optimal symbolic tree in a vast function space, but the increasing complexity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Xinxin Li , Juan Zhang , Da Li , Xingyu Liu , Jin Xu , Junping Yin

Automating scientific discovery has been a grand goal of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and will bring tremendous societal impact. Learning symbolic expressions from experimental data is a vital step in AI-driven scientific discovery. Despite…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Nan Jiang , Md Nasim , Yexiang Xue

The mathematical formula is the human language to describe nature and is the essence of scientific research. Finding mathematical formulas from observational data is a major demand of scientific research and a major challenge of artificial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Yanjie Li , Weijun Li , Lina Yu , Min Wu , Jingyi Liu , Wenqiang Li , Meilan Hao , Shu Wei , Yusong Deng

We introduce 'Class Symbolic Regression' (Class SR) a first framework for automatically finding a single analytical functional form that accurately fits multiple datasets - each realization being governed by its own (possibly) unique set of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Wassim Tenachi , Rodrigo Ibata , Thibaut L. François , Foivos I. Diakogiannis

In this chapter we take a closer look at the distribution of symbolic regression models generated by genetic programming in the search space. The motivation for this work is to improve the search for well-fitting symbolic regression models…

Developing mathematical models of dynamic systems is central to many disciplines of engineering and science. Models facilitate simulations, analysis of the system's behavior, decision making and design of automatic control algorithms. Even…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-19 Erik Derner , Jiří Kubalík , Nicola Ancona , Robert Babuška