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Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a key technique for enhancing the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs), with policy-gradient algorithms dominating the post-training stage because of their efficiency and effectiveness.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Chang Tian , Matthew B. Blaschko , Mingzhe Xing , Xiuxing Li , Yinliang Yue , Marie-Francine Moens

Despite the promise of Retrieval-Augmented Generation in grounding Multimodal Large Language Models with external knowledge, the transition to extensive contexts often leads to significant attention dilution and reasoning hallucinations.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Junming Liu , Yuqi Li , Shiping Wen , Zhigang Zeng , Tingwen Huang

Reasoning-oriented language models typically expose explicit reasoning as a long, front-loaded chain of "thinking" tokens before the main output, either always enabled or externally toggled at inference time. Although this can help on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Susmit Das

Latent reasoning enables reasoning over continuous hidden states rather than explicit tokens, avoiding the language bottleneck and inference overhead of chain-of-thought for medical VQA. However, existing methods suffer from modality…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Qiaoru Li , Shaotian Liang , Jintao Chen , Haoran Sun , Yuxiang Cai , Jianwei Yin , Yankai Jiang

Current Natural Language Inference (NLI) models achieve impressive results, sometimes outperforming humans when evaluating on in-distribution test sets. However, as these models are known to learn from annotation artefacts and dataset…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Joe Stacey , Pasquale Minervini , Haim Dubossarsky , Marek Rei

In high-conflict mixed-traffic scenarios involving human-driven and autonomous vehicles, most existing autonomous driving systems default to overly conservative behaviors, lack proactive interaction, and consequently suffer from limited…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Xinwei Dong , Jiyang Li , Jiabin Xie , Yang Yi , Tianshang Jia , Shiyu Fang , Ye Tian , Peng Hang

Natural Language Inference (NLI) is the task of inferring whether the hypothesis can be justified by the given premise. Basically, we classify the hypothesis into three labels(entailment, neutrality and contradiction) given the premise. NLI…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Zijiang Yang

Intent, a critical cognitive notion and mental state, is ubiquitous in human communication and problem-solving. Accurately understanding the underlying intent behind questions is imperative to reasoning towards correct answers. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Yuwei Yin , Giuseppe Carenini

Deontic logic is a very well researched branch of mathematical logic and philosophy. Various kinds of deontic logics are discussed for different application domains like argumentation theory, legal reasoning, and acts in multi-agent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-17 Ulrich Furbach , Claudia Schon , Frieder Stolzenburg

Natural Language Inference (NLI) is considered a representative task to test natural language understanding (NLU). In this work, we propose an extensible framework to collectively yet categorically test diverse Logical reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Ishan Tarunesh , Somak Aditya , Monojit Choudhury

Natural language inference (NLI) requires models to learn and apply commonsense knowledge. These reasoning abilities are particularly important for explainable NLI systems that generate a natural language explanation in addition to their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Hendrik Schuff , Hsiu-Yu Yang , Heike Adel , Ngoc Thang Vu

With the emergence of advanced reasoning models like OpenAI o3 and DeepSeek-R1, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable reasoning capabilities. However, their ability to perform rigorous logical reasoning remains an open…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Hanmeng Liu , Zhizhang Fu , Mengru Ding , Ruoxi Ning , Chaoli Zhang , Xiaozhang Liu , Yue Zhang

Logic reasoning in natural language has been recognized as an important measure of human intelligence for Large Language Models (LLMs). Popular benchmarks may entangle multiple reasoning skills and thus provide unfaithful evaluations on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Tsz Ting Chung , Lemao Liu , Mo Yu , Dit-Yan Yeung

The ability to robustly identify causal relationships is essential for autonomous decision-making and adaptation to novel scenarios. However, accurately inferring causal structure requires integrating both world knowledge and abstract…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Khurram Yamin , Shantanu Gupta , Gaurav R. Ghosal , Zachary C. Lipton , Bryan Wilder

Structured reasoning over natural language inputs remains a core challenge in artificial intelligence, as it requires bridging the gap between unstructured linguistic expressions and formal logical representations. In this paper, we propose…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Keying Yang , Hao Wang , Kai Yang

The use of Large Language Models (LLMs) for reasoning and planning tasks has drawn increasing attention in Artificial Intelligence research. Despite their remarkable progress, these models still exhibit limitations in multi-step inference…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Murilo da Luz , Bruno Brandão , Luana Martins , Gustavo Oliveira , Bryan de Oliveira , Luckeciano Melo , Telma Soares

Recent studies demonstrated that large language models (LLMs) can excel in many tasks via in-context learning (ICL). However, recent works show that ICL-prompted models tend to produce inaccurate results when presented with adversarial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Xuanli He , Yuxiang Wu , Oana-Maria Camburu , Pasquale Minervini , Pontus Stenetorp

The reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming a central focus of study in NLP. In this paper, we consider the case of syllogistic reasoning, an area of deductive reasoning studied extensively in logic and cognitive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Leonardo Bertolazzi , Albert Gatt , Raffaella Bernardi

Logical reasoning is central to human cognition and intelligence. It includes deductive, inductive, and abductive reasoning. Past research of logical reasoning within AI uses formal language as knowledge representation and symbolic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Zonglin Yang , Xinya Du , Rui Mao , Jinjie Ni , Erik Cambria

Traditional vision-language models struggle with contrastive fine-grained taxonomic reasoning, particularly when distinguishing between visually similar species within the same genus or family. We introduce TaxonRL, a reinforcement learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Maximilian von Klinski , Maximilian Schall