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Multi-hop question answering (QA) is a challenging task requiring QA systems to perform complex reasoning over multiple documents and provide supporting facts together with the exact answer. Existing works tend to utilize graph-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Xin-Yi Li , Wei-Jun Lei , Yu-Bin Yang

We present a controlled study of multi-hop contextual reasoning in large language models, providing a clean demonstration of the task-method dissociation: rule-based pattern matching achieves 100% success on structured information retrieval…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Brady Steele , Micah Katz

Knowledge graphs are essential for numerous downstream natural language processing applications, but are typically incomplete with many facts missing. This results in research efforts on multi-hop reasoning task, which can be formulated as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Yao Zhang , Hongru Liang , Adam Jatowt , Wenqiang Lei , Xin Wei , Ning Jiang , Zhenglu Yang

Recently, long-thought reasoning models achieve strong performance on complex reasoning tasks, but often incur substantial inference overhead, making efficiency a critical concern. Our empirical analysis reveals that the benefit of using…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Haotian Luo , Haiying He , Yibo Wang , Jinluan Yang , Rui Liu , Naiqiang Tan , Xiaochun Cao , Dacheng Tao , Li Shen

Despite remarkable advances, large language models often fail at compositional reasoning tasks, a phenomenon exemplified by the ``curse of two-hop reasoning''. This paper introduces the Identity Bridge, a simple yet powerful mechanism that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Pengxiao Lin , Zheng-An Chen , Zhi-Qin John Xu

We propose a new CogQA framework for multi-hop question answering in web-scale documents. Inspired by the dual process theory in cognitive science, the framework gradually builds a \textit{cognitive graph} in an iterative process by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-05 Ming Ding , Chang Zhou , Qibin Chen , Hongxia Yang , Jie Tang

Large language models often expose their brittleness in reasoning tasks, especially while executing long chains of reasoning over context. We propose MemReasoner, a new and simple memory-augmented LLM architecture, in which the memory…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Payel Das , Ching-Yun Ko , Sihui Dai , Georgios Kollias , Subhajit Chaudhury , Aurelie Lozano

Recent work has proposed multi-hop models and datasets for studying complex natural language reasoning. One notable task requiring multi-hop reasoning is fact checking, where a set of connected evidence pieces leads to the final verdict of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Wojciech Ostrowski , Arnav Arora , Pepa Atanasova , Isabelle Augenstein

Multi-hop reasoning for question answering (QA) plays a critical role in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) for modern large language models (LLMs). The accurate answer can be obtained through retrieving relational structure of entities…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Changhao Wang , Yanfang Liu , Xinxin Fan , Anzhi Zhou , Lao Tian , Yunfeng Lu

Multi-hop question answering is a challenging task in which language models must reason over multiple steps to reach the correct answer. With the help of Large Language Models and their reasoning capabilities, existing systems are able to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Durga Prasad Maram , Kalpa Gunaratna , Vijay Srinivasan , Haris Jeelani , Srinivas Chappidi

In the open book question answering (OBQA) task, selecting the relevant passages and sentences from distracting information is crucial to reason the answer to a question. HotpotQA dataset is designed to teach and evaluate systems to do both…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-03 Man Luo , Shuguang Chen , Chitta Baral

Despite the promise of Retrieval-Augmented Generation in grounding Multimodal Large Language Models with external knowledge, the transition to extensive contexts often leads to significant attention dilution and reasoning hallucinations.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Junming Liu , Yuqi Li , Shiping Wen , Zhigang Zeng , Tingwen Huang

Current QA systems can generate reasonable-sounding yet false answers without explanation or evidence for the generated answer, which is especially problematic when humans cannot readily check the model's answers. This presents a challenge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-14 Alicia Parrish , Harsh Trivedi , Ethan Perez , Angelica Chen , Nikita Nangia , Jason Phang , Samuel R. Bowman

We study few-shot reranking for multi-hop QA with open-domain questions. To alleviate the need for a large number of labeled question-document pairs for retriever training, we propose PromptRank, which relies on large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Muhammad Khalifa , Lajanugen Logeswaran , Moontae Lee , Honglak Lee , Lu Wang

Rule-based models are attractive for various tasks because they inherently lead to interpretable and explainable decisions and can easily incorporate prior knowledge. However, such systems are difficult to apply to problems involving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-17 Leon Weber , Pasquale Minervini , Jannes Münchmeyer , Ulf Leser , Tim Rocktäschel

Question Answering (QA) tasks requiring information from multiple documents often rely on a retrieval model to identify relevant information for reasoning. The retrieval model is typically trained to maximize the likelihood of the labeled…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Ansong Ni , Matt Gardner , Pradeep Dasigi

We propose an unsupervised strategy for the selection of justification sentences for multi-hop question answering (QA) that (a) maximizes the relevance of the selected sentences, (b) minimizes the overlap between the selected facts, and (c)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Vikas Yadav , Steven Bethard , Mihai Surdeanu

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) promise enhanced reasoning by integrating diverse inputs such as text, vision, and audio. Yet cross-modal reasoning remains underexplored, with conflicting reports on whether added modalities help or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Yucheng Wang , Yifan Hou , Aydin Javadov , Mubashara Akhtar , Mrinmaya Sachan

Multi-hop question answering (MHQA) enables accurate answers to complex queries by retrieving and reasoning over evidence dispersed across multiple documents. Existing MHQA approaches mainly rely on iterative retrieval-augmented generation,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Wei Chen , Lili Zhao , Zhi Zheng , HuiJun Hou , Tong Xu

Despite the increasing effectiveness of language models, their reasoning capabilities remain underdeveloped. In particular, causal reasoning through counterfactual question answering is lacking. This work aims to bridge this gap. We first…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Alihan Hüyük , Xinnuo Xu , Jacqueline Maasch , Aditya V. Nori , Javier González