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Integral to recent successes in deep reinforcement learning has been a class of temporal difference methods that use infrequently updated target values for policy evaluation in a Markov Decision Process. Yet a complete theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Mattie Fellows , Matthew J. A. Smith , Shimon Whiteson

This paper studies the exponential stability of random matrix products driven by a general (possibly unbounded) state space Markov chain. It is a cornerstone in the analysis of stochastic algorithms in machine learning (e.g. for parameter…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-02-02 Alain Durmus , Eric Moulines , Alexey Naumov , Sergey Samsonov , Hoi-To Wai

Linear time-invariant systems are very popular models in system theory and applications. A fundamental problem in system identification that remains rather unaddressed in extant literature is to leverage commonalities amongst related linear…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-01-03 Aditya Modi , Mohamad Kazem Shirani Faradonbeh , Ambuj Tewari , George Michailidis

We consider off-policy temporal-difference (TD) learning methods for policy evaluation in Markov decision processes with finite spaces and discounted reward criteria, and we present a collection of convergence results for several…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-30 Huizhen Yu

Temporal difference learning (TD) is a foundational concept in reinforcement learning (RL), aimed at efficiently assessing a policy's value function. TD($\lambda$), a potent variant, incorporates a memory trace to distribute the prediction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Jianfei Ma

Value functions arise as a component of algorithms as well as performance metrics in statistics and engineering applications. Computation of the associated Bellman equations is numerically challenging in all but a few special cases. A…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-12-27 Adithya M. Devraj , Sean P. Meyn

We study the finite-time convergence of TD learning with linear function approximation under Markovian sampling. Existing proofs for this setting either assume a projection step in the algorithm to simplify the analysis, or require a fairly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Aritra Mitra

We analyse quantile temporal-difference learning (QTD), a distributional reinforcement learning algorithm that has proven to be a key component in several successful large-scale applications of reinforcement learning. Despite these…

This work provides test error bounds for iterative fixed point methods on linear predictors -- specifically, stochastic and batch mirror descent (MD), and stochastic temporal difference learning (TD) -- with two core contributions: (a) a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Matus Telgarsky

One of the most influential results in neural network theory is the universal approximation theorem [1, 2, 3] which states that continuous functions can be approximated to within arbitrary accuracy by single-hidden-layer feedforward neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-16 Clemens Hutter , Recep Gül , Helmut Bölcskei

This paper presents a data-driven approach to approximate the dynamics of a nonlinear time-varying system (NTVS) by a linear time-varying system (LTVS), which is resulted from the Koopman operator and deep neural networks. Analysis of the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-16 Wenjian Hao , Bowen Huang , Wei Pan , Di Wu , Shaoshuai Mou

Non-Markovian dynamics are commonly found in real-world environments due to long-range dependencies, partial observability, and memory effects. The Bellman equation that is the central pillar of Reinforcement learning (RL) becomes only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Zuyuan Zhang , Sizhe Tang , Tian Lan

We consider the core reinforcement-learning problem of on-policy value function approximation from a batch of trajectory data, and focus on various issues of Temporal Difference (TD) learning and Monte Carlo (MC) policy evaluation. The two…

We investigate the finite-time convergence properties of Temporal Difference (TD) learning with linear function approximation, a cornerstone algorithm in the field of reinforcement learning. We are interested in the so-called ``robust''…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Wei-Cheng Lee , Francesco Orabona

This paper studies the continuous-time q-learning (the continuous time counterpart of Q-learing) for Markov switching system under Tsallis entropy regularization. We address the difficulty in traditional RL algorithms where the Tsallis…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-28 Minghui Zhang , Xun Li , Xin Zhang

We evaluate the ability of temporal difference learning to track the reward function of a policy as it changes over time. Our results apply a new adiabatic theorem that bounds the mixing time of time-inhomogeneous Markov chains. We derive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Neil Walton

Multi-step temporal-difference (TD) learning, where the update targets contain information from multiple time steps ahead, is one of the most popular forms of TD learning for linear function approximation. The reason is that multi-step…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-08-19 Harm van Seijen

In this paper, we study the dynamics of temporal difference learning with neural network-based value function approximation over a general state space, namely, \emph{Neural TD learning}. We consider two practically used algorithms,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-09 Semih Cayci , Siddhartha Satpathi , Niao He , R. Srikant

This paper investigates approximation-theoretic aspects of the in-context learning capability of the transformers in representing a family of noisy linear dynamical systems. Our first theoretical result establishes an upper bound on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Frank Cole , Yuxuan Zhao , Yulong Lu , Tianhao Zhang

Temporal difference (TD) methods constitute a class of methods for learning predictions in multi-step prediction problems, parameterized by a recency factor lambda. Currently the most important application of these methods is to temporal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2008-02-03 P. Cichosz