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Neural networks have achieved remarkable success across various fields. However, the lack of interpretability limits their practical use, particularly in critical decision-making scenarios. Post-hoc interpretability, which provides…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Yang Ji , Ying Sun , Yuting Zhang , Zhigaoyuan Wang , Yuanxin Zhuang , Zheng Gong , Dazhong Shen , Chuan Qin , Hengshu Zhu , Hui Xiong

The recent years have witnessed the rise of accurate but obscure decision systems which hide the logic of their internal decision processes to the users. The lack of explanations for the decisions of black box systems is a key ethical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-05-29 Riccardo Guidotti , Anna Monreale , Salvatore Ruggieri , Dino Pedreschi , Franco Turini , Fosca Giannotti

Transformer language models are state of the art in a multitude of NLP tasks. Despite these successes, their opaqueness remains problematic. Recent methods aiming to provide interpretability and explainability to black-box models primarily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-14 Felix Friedrich , Patrick Schramowski , Christopher Tauchmann , Kristian Kersting

In the context of classification problems, Deep Learning (DL) approaches represent state of art. Many DL approaches are based on variations of standard multi-layer feed-forward neural networks. These are also referred to as deep networks.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Andrea Apicella , Francesco Isgrò , Roberto Prevete

Deep neural networks (DNNs) enable innovative applications of machine learning like image recognition, machine translation, or malware detection. However, deep learning is often criticized for its lack of robustness in adversarial settings…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-14 Nicolas Papernot , Patrick McDaniel

EXplainable AI has received significant attention in recent years. Machine learning models often operate as black boxes, lacking explainability and transparency while supporting decision-making processes. Local post-hoc explainability…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Gianvincenzo Alfano , Sergio Greco , Domenico Mandaglio , Francesco Parisi , Reza Shahbazian , Irina Trubitsyna

Local surrogate models, to approximate the local decision boundary of a black-box classifier, constitute one approach to generate explanations for the rationale behind an individual prediction made by the back-box. This paper highlights the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-21 Thibault Laugel , Xavier Renard , Marie-Jeanne Lesot , Christophe Marsala , Marcin Detyniecki

As artificial intelligence increasingly drives critical decisions, the ability to genuinely explain how neural networks make predictions is essential for trust. Yet, most current explanation methods offer post-hoc rationalizations rather…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Corentin Lobet , Francesca Chiaromonte

Deep convolutional neural networks have proven their effectiveness, and have been acknowledged as the most dominant method for image classification. However, a severe drawback of deep convolutional neural networks is poor explainability.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Bin Wang , Wenbin Pei , Bing Xue , Mengjie Zhang

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have shown great ability in modeling graph-structured data for various domains. However, GNNs are known as black-box models that lack interpretability. Without understanding their inner working, we cannot fully…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Enyan Dai , Suhang Wang

Nowadays, deep neural networks are being used in many domains because of their high accuracy results. However, they are considered as "black box", means that they are not explainable for humans. On the other hand, in some tasks such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-08 Niloofar Ranjbar , Reza Safabakhsh

In this paper, we focus on exploiting neural networks for the analysis and planning stage in self-adaptive architectures. The studied motivating cases in the paper involve existing (legacy) self-adaptive architectures and their adaptation…

Deep learning as represented by the artificial deep neural networks (DNNs) has achieved great success in many important areas that deal with text, images, videos, graphs, and so on. However, the black-box nature of DNNs has become one of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Fenglei Fan , Jinjun Xiong , Mengzhou Li , Ge Wang

The interpretability of neural networks (NNs) is a challenging but essential topic for transparency in the decision-making process using machine learning. One of the reasons for the lack of interpretability is random weight initialization,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-01 Shohei Kubota , Hideaki Hayashi , Tomohiro Hayase , Seiichi Uchida

Deep learning continues to play as a powerful state-of-art technique that has achieved extraordinary accuracy levels in various domains of regression and classification tasks, including images, video, signal, and natural language data. The…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-03 Anna Zou , Zhiyuan Li

The explainability of machine learning algorithms is crucial, and numerous methods have emerged recently. Local, post-hoc methods assign an attribution score to each feature, indicating its importance for the prediction. However, these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Giorgio Visani , Vincenzo Stanzione , Damien Garreau

Deep neural networks have been well-known for their superb handling of various machine learning and artificial intelligence tasks. However, due to their over-parameterized black-box nature, it is often difficult to understand the prediction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Xuhong Li , Haoyi Xiong , Xingjian Li , Xuanyu Wu , Xiao Zhang , Ji Liu , Jiang Bian , Dejing Dou

Deep learning models achieve high predictive performance but lack intrinsic interpretability, hindering our understanding of the learned prediction behavior. Existing local explainability methods focus on associations, neglecting the causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Niklas Penzel , Joachim Denzler

Along with the great success of deep neural networks, there is also growing concern about their black-box nature. The interpretability issue affects people's trust on deep learning systems. It is also related to many ethical problems, e.g.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-01 Yu Zhang , Peter Tiňo , Aleš Leonardis , Ke Tang

Despite the remarkable performance, Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) behave as black-boxes hindering user trust in Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems. Research on opening black-box DNN can be broadly categorized into post-hoc methods and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Sandareka Wickramanayake , Wynne Hsu , Mong Li Lee