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Sharding is used to address the performance and scalability issues of the blockchain protocols, which divides the overall transaction processing costs among multiple clusters of nodes. Shards require less storage capacity and communication…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Ramesh Adhikari , Costas Busch

State-of-the-art blockchain sharding solutions such as Monoxide, can cause severely imbalanced distribution of transaction (TX) workloads across all blockchain shards due to the deployment policy of their accounts. Imbalanced TX…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Huawei Huang , Zhaokang Yin , Qinde Chen , Guang Ye , Xiaowen Peng , Yue Lin , Zibin Zheng , Song Guo

The exponential growth of the blockchain size has become a major contributing factor that hinders the decentralisation of blockchain and its potential implementations in data-heavy applications. In this paper, we propose segment blockchain,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-01-22 Yibin Xu , Yangyu Huang

The advent of quantum computing has profound implications for current technologies, offering advancements in optimization while posing significant threats to cryptographic algorithms. Public-key cryptosystems relying on prime factorization…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-17 Hasan Ozgur Cildiroglu , Oguz Yayla

The Bitcoin protocol is a significant milestone in the history of money. However, its adoption is currently constrained by the transaction limits of the system. As the chief problem of blockchain technology, the scaling issue has attracted…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-04-03 Kazım Rıfat Özyılmaz , Harsh Patel , Ankit Malik

Bandwidth limitation is the major bottleneck that hinders scaling throughput of proof-of-work blockchains. To guarantee security, the mining rate of the blockchain is determined by the miners with the lowest bandwidth, resulting in an…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Chunjiang Che , Songze Li , Xuechao Wang

Distributed transactions on high-overhead TCP/IP-based networks were conventionally considered to be prohibitively expensive and thus were avoided at all costs. To that end, the primary goal of almost any existing partitioning scheme is to…

Databases · Computer Science 2020-04-17 Erfan Zamanian , Julian Shun , Carsten Binnig , Tim Kraska

ASBK (named after the authors' initials) is a recent blockchain protocol tackling data availability attacks against light nodes, employing two-dimensional Reed-Solomon codes to encode the list of transactions and a random sampling phase…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Paolo Santini , Giulia Rafaiani , Massimo Battaglioni , Franco Chiaraluce , Marco Baldi

While many researchers adopt a sharding approach to design scaling blockchains, few works have studied the transaction placement problem incurred by sharding protocols. The widely-used hashing placement algorithm renders an overwhelming…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-13 Liuyang Ren , Paul A. S. Ward

Performance and scalability are major concerns for blockchains: permissionless systems are typically limited by slow proof of X consensus algorithms and sequential post-order transaction execution on every node of the network. By…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-03-11 Christian Gorenflo , Lukasz Golab , Srinivasan Keshav

We propose a new coded blockchain scheme suitable for the Internet-of-Things (IoT) network. In contrast to existing works for coded blockchains, especially blockchain-of-things, the proposed scheme is more realistic, practical, and secure…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Amirhossein Taherpour , Xiaodong Wang

Blockchain is an incrementally updated ledger maintained by distributed nodes rather than centralized organizations. The current blockchain technology faces scalability issues, which include two aspects: low transaction throughput and high…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-02 Xiangyu Wang , Ting Yang , Yu Wang

The transition to post-quantum cryptography in blockchain systems such as Bitcoin and Ethereum is often framed as a purely cryptographic problem. In practice, it also presents significant economic and infrastructural challenges: in globally…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Keir Finlow-Bates , Markus Jakobsson , Hossein Siadati

Despite being under development for over 15 years, transaction throughput remains one of the key challenges confronting blockchains, which typically has a cap of a limited number of transactions per second. A fundamental factor limiting…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Evangelos Kolyvas , Alexandros Antonov , Spyros Voulgaris

The emerging blockchain protocols provide a decentralized architecture that is suitable of supporting Internet of Things (IoT) interactions. However, keeping a local copy of the blockchain ledger is infeasible for low-power and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-10-18 Pietro Danzi , Anders E. Kalør , Čedomir Stefanović , Petar Popovski

Sharding is a promising technique for addressing the scalability issues of blockchain, and this technique is especially important for IoT, edge, or mobile computing. It divides the $n$ participating nodes into $s$ disjoint groups called…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Ramesh Adhikari , Costas Busch , Miroslav Popovic

Sharding is the prevalent approach to breaking the trilemma of simultaneously achieving decentralization, security, and scalability in traditional blockchain systems, which are implemented as replicated state machines relying on atomic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-01 Yizhong Liu , Jianwei Liu , Marcos Antonio Vaz Salles , Zongyang Zhang , Tong Li , Bin Hu , Fritz Henglein , Rongxing Lu

Traditionally, blockchain systems involve sharing transaction information across all blockchain network participants. Clearly, this introduces barriers to the adoption of the technology by the enterprise world, where preserving the privacy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-19 Elli Androulaki , Angelo De Caro , Kaoutar Elkhiyaoui , Christian Gorenflo , Alessandro Sorniotti , Marko Vukolic

Blockchain technology, while revolutionary in enabling decentralized transactions, faces scalability challenges as the ledger must be replicated across all nodes of the chain, limiting throughput and efficiency. Sharding, which divides the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Björn Assmann , Samuel J. Burri

Blockchain technologies have been rapidly enhanced in recent years. However, its scalability still has limitations in terms of throughput and broadcast delay as the network and the amount of transaction data increase. To improve scalability…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-01-21 Kaushik Ayinala , Baek-Young Choi , Sejun Song