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User journeys in e-commerce routinely violate the one-to-one assumption that a clicked item on an advertising platform is the same item later purchased on the merchant's website/app. For a significant number of converting sessions on our…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Xiangyu Zeng , Amit Jaspal , Bin Liu , Goutham Panneeru , Kevin Huang , Nicolas Bievre , Mohit Jaggi , Prathap Maniraju , Ankur Jain

Recommender systems aim to fulfill the user's daily demands. While most existing research focuses on maximizing the user's engagement with the system, it has recently been pointed out that how frequently the users come back for the service…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Ziru Liu , Shuchang Liu , Bin Yang , Zhenghai Xue , Qingpeng Cai , Xiangyu Zhao , Zijian Zhang , Lantao Hu , Han Li , Peng Jiang

The purpose of this article is to introduce a new analytical framework dedicated to measuring performance of recommender systems. The standard approach is to assess the quality of a system by means of accuracy related statistics. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2010-10-29 Szymon Chojnacki , Mieczysław Kłopotek

This paper advocates privacy preserving requirements on collection of user data for recommender systems. The purpose of our study is twofold. First, we ask if restrictions on data collection will hurt test quality of RNN-based…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Gustav Hertz , Sandhya Sachidanandan , Balázs Tóth , Emil S. Jørgensen , Martin Tegnér

Traditional approaches to ranking in web search follow the paradigm of rank-by-score: a learned function gives each query-URL combination an absolute score and URLs are ranked according to this score. This paradigm ensures that if the score…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-07-03 Or Sheffet , Nina Mishra , Samuel Ieong

Matching users based on mutual preferences is a fundamental aspect of services driven by reciprocal recommendations, such as job search and dating applications. Although A/B tests remain the gold standard for evaluating new policies in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Yudai Hayashi , Shuhei Goda , Yuta Saito

The goal of a next basket recommendation (NBR) system is to recommend items for the next basket for a user, based on the sequence of their prior baskets. Recently, a number of methods with complex modules have been proposed that claim…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Ming Li , Sami Jullien , Mozhdeh Ariannezhad , Maarten de Rijke

Standard A/B tests in online experiments face statistical power challenges when testing multiple candidates simultaneously, while adaptive experimental designs (AED) alone fall short in inferring experiment statistics such as the average…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Qining Zhang , Tanner Fiez , Yi Liu , Wenyang Liu

We consider the fundamental scenario where a single item is to be sold to one of two agents. Both agents draw their valuation for the item from the same probability distribution. However, only one of them submits a bid to the mechanism. The…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Ioannis Caragiannis , Georgios Kalantzis

Recommender system has become an inseparable part of online shopping and its usability is increasing with the advancement of these e-commerce sites. An effective and efficient recommender system benefits both the seller and the buyer…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Md Rifat Arefin , Minhas Kamal , Kishan Kumar Ganguly , Tarek Salah Uddin Mahmud

Product feature recommendations are critical for online customers to purchase the right products based on the right features. For a customer, selecting the product that has the best trade-off between price and functionality is a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Mingming Guo , Nian Yan , Xiquan Cui , Simon Hughes , Khalifeh Al Jadda

Online A/B testing, the gold standard for evaluating new advertising policies, consumes substantial engineering resources and risks significant revenue loss from deploying underperforming variations. This motivates the use of Off-Policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Hongseon Yeom , Jaeyoul Shin , Soojin Min , Jeongmin Yoon , Seunghak Yu , Dongyeop Kang

We study the process through which reasoning models trained with reinforcement learning on verifiable rewards (RLVR) can learn to solve new problems. We find that RLVR drives performance in two main ways: (1) by compressing pass@$k$ into…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Vaskar Nath , Elaine Lau , Anisha Gunjal , Manasi Sharma , Nikhil Baharte , Sean Hendryx

Current approaches for training Process Reward Models (PRMs) often involve breaking down responses into multiple reasoning steps using rule-based techniques, such as using predefined placeholder tokens or setting the reasoning step's length…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Yuliang Liu , Junjie Lu , Zhaoling Chen , Chaofeng Qu , Jason Klein Liu , Chonghan Liu , Zefan Cai , Yunhui Xia , Li Zhao , Jiang Bian , Chuheng Zhang , Wei Shen , Zhouhan Lin

Existing recommendation algorithms mostly focus on optimizing traditional recommendation measures, such as the accuracy of rating prediction in terms of RMSE or the quality of top-$k$ recommendation lists in terms of precision, recall, MAP,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-02-05 Changhua Pei , Xinru Yang , Qing Cui , Xiao Lin , Fei Sun , Peng Jiang , Wenwu Ou , Yongfeng Zhang

Effective methodologies for evaluating recommender systems are critical, so that such systems can be compared in a sound manner. A commonly overlooked aspect of recommender system evaluation is the selection of the data splitting strategy.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Zaiqiao Meng , Richard McCreadie , Craig Macdonald , Iadh Ounis

In this paper we present a method for reformulating the Recommender Systems problem in an Information Retrieval one. In our tests we have a dataset of users who give ratings for some movies; we hide some values from the dataset, and we try…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2011-06-03 Alberto Costa , Fabio Roda

Traditionally, Recommender Systems (RS) have primarily measured performance based on the accuracy and relevance of their recommendations. However, this algorithmic-centric approach overlooks how different types of recommendations impact…

The evaluation of recommendation systems is a complex task. The offline and online evaluation metrics for recommender systems are ambiguous in their true objectives. The majority of recently published papers benchmark their methods using…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Petr Kasalický , Rodrigo Alves , Pavel Kordík

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently improved mathematical reasoning through Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Reward (RLVR). However, existing RLVR algorithms require large query budgets, making annotation costly. We investigate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Hao Yi , Yulan Hu , Xin Li , Sheng Ouyang , Lizhong Ding , Yong Liu