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The credibility revolution advances the use of research designs that permit identification and estimation of causal effects. However, understanding which mechanisms produce measured causal effects remains a challenge. The dominant current…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-04-08 Jiawei Fu , Tara Slough

Estimating heterogeneous treatment effects is critical in domains such as personalized medicine, resource allocation, and policy evaluation. A central challenge lies in identifying subpopulations that respond differently to interventions,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-18 Zilong Wang , Turgay Ayer , Shihao Yang

Heterogeneous treatment effects (HTEs) are increasingly estimated using machine learning models that produce highly personalized predictions of treatment effects. In practice, however, predicted treatment effects are rarely interpreted,…

Precise estimation of treatment effects is crucial for evaluating intervention effectiveness. While deep learning models have exhibited promising performance in learning counterfactual representations for treatment effect estimation (TEE),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Seungyeon Lee , Ruoqi Liu , Wenyu Song , Lang Li , Ping Zhang

Estimating how a treatment affects different individuals, known as heterogeneous treatment effect estimation, is an important problem in empirical sciences. In the last few years, there has been a considerable interest in adapting machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Christopher Tran , Keith Burghardt , Kristina Lerman , Elena Zheleva

Estimating Individual Treatment Effects (ITE) from observational data is challenging due to confounding bias. Most studies tackle this bias by balancing distributions globally, but ignore individual heterogeneity and fail to capture the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Fuyuan Cao , Jiaxuan Zhang , Xiaoli Li

Assessing treatment effect heterogeneity (TEH) in clinical trials is crucial, as it provides insights into the variability of treatment responses among patients, influencing important decisions related to drug development. Furthermore, it…

Applications · Statistics 2026-02-06 Konstantinos Sechidis , Cong Zhang , Sophie Sun , Yao Chen , Asher Spector , Björn Bornkamp

Practitioners in medicine, business, political science, and other fields are increasingly aware that decisions should be personalized to each patient, customer, or voter. A given treatment (e.g. a drug or advertisement) should be…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-06-15 Alejandro Schuler , Michael Baiocchi , Robert Tibshirani , Nigam Shah

The ability to predict individualized treatment effects (ITEs) based on a given patient's profile is essential for personalized medicine. We propose a hypothesis testing approach to choosing between two potential treatments for a given…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-08-11 Tianxi Cai , Tony Cai , Zijian Guo

The burden of diseases is rising worldwide, with unequal treatment efficacy for patient populations that are underrepresented in clinical trials. Healthcare, however, is driven by the average population effect of medical treatments and,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Ghadeer O. Ghosheh , Moritz Gögl , Tingting Zhu

Developing tools for estimating heterogeneous treatment effects (HTE) and individualized treatment effects has been an area of active research in recent years. While these tools have proven to be useful in many contexts, a concern when…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-07 Mahsa Ashouri , Nicholas C. Henderson

We address a core problem in causal inference: estimating heterogeneous treatment effects using panel data with general treatment patterns. Many existing methods either do not utilize the potential underlying structure in panel data or have…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-11 Retsef Levi , Elisabeth Paulson , Georgia Perakis , Emily Zhang

We introduce an algorithm for identifying interpretable subgroups with elevated treatment effects, given an estimate of individual or conditional average treatment effects (CATE). Subgroups are characterized by ``rule sets'' --…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-07-15 Albert Chiu

Recently, from the personalized medicine perspective, there has been an increased demand to identify subgroups of subjects for whom treatment is effective. Consequently, the estimation of heterogeneous treatment effects (HTE) has been…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-08-02 Ryoma Hieda , Shintaro Yuki , Kensuke Tanioka , Hiroshi Yadohisa

We propose Causal Interaction Trees for identifying subgroups of participants that have enhanced treatment effects using observational data. We extend the Classification and Regression Tree algorithm by using splitting criteria that focus…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-12-08 Jiabei Yang , Issa J. Dahabreh , Jon A. Steingrimsson

Individuals often respond differently to identical treatments, and characterizing such variability in treatment response is an important aim in the practice of personalized medicine. In this article, we describe a non-parametric accelerated…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-06-22 Nicholas C. Henderson , Thomas A. Louis , Gary L. Rosner , Ravi Varadhan

From personalised medicine to targeted advertising, it is an inherent task to provide a sequence of decisions with historical covariates and outcome data. This requires understanding of both the dynamics and heterogeneity of treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-22 Oscar Hernan Madrid Padilla , Yi Yu

We study the assessment of the accuracy of heterogeneous treatment effect (HTE) estimation, where the HTE is not directly observable so standard computation of prediction errors is not applicable. To tackle the difficulty, we propose an…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-03-10 Zijun Gao , Trevor Hastie , Robert Tibshirani

Randomized experimentation (also known as A/B testing or bucket testing) is widely used in the internet industry to measure the metric impact obtained by different treatment variants. A/B tests identify the treatment variant showing the…

Individuals do not respond uniformly to treatments, events, or interventions. Sociologists routinely partition samples into subgroups to explore how the effects of treatments vary by covariates like race, gender, and socioeconomic status.…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2019-09-23 Jennie E. Brand , Jiahui Xu , Bernard Koch , Pablo Geraldo