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Global-scale quantum networking faces significant technical and scientific obstacles. Quantum repeaters (QRs) have been proposed to overcome the inherent direct transmission range limit through optical fibre. However, QRs are typically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-08 Mustafa Gündoğan , Jasminder S. Sidhu , Markus Krutzik , Daniel K. L. Oi

Quantum computers hold the promise of solving computational problems which are intractable using conventional methods. For fault-tolerant operation quantum computers must correct errors occurring due to unavoidable decoherence and limited…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables information-theoretic secure communication, yet its ultimate tolerance to noise and achievable transmission distance remain fundamentally constrained. We establish the maximum quantum bit error rate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-27 Stefano Pirandola

The communication distance of QKD is limited by exponential attenuation of photons propagating through optical fibers. However, it has been shown that introducing a quantum repeater can improve the order of the attenuation and is useful for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Kenichiro Furuta , Hirofumi Muratani , Taichi Isogai , Tomoko Yonemura

We propose a hybrid quantum repeater protocol combining the advantages of continuous and discrete variables. The repeater is based on the previous work of Brask et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 160501 (2010)] but we present two ways of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-06-13 J. Borregaard , J. B. Brask , A. S. Sørensen

Quantum repeaters that incorporate quantum error correction codes have been shown to be a promising alternative compared with the original quantum repeaters that rely upon probabilistic quantum error detection depending on classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-12 Stefan Häussler , Peter van Loock

This article reviews the current state of the field of quantum repeaters (QRs) based on Quantum Dots (QDs). First, we provide a short introduction to QRs. Then, we give an overview of the state of the art of non-classical photon sources…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-13 Joanna M Zajac , Tobias Huber-Loyola , Sven Hofling

Quantum networks are expected to enhance distributed quantum computing and quantum communication over long distances while providing security dependent upon physical effects rather than mathematical assumptions. Through simulation, we show…

A major application of quantum communication is the distribution of entangled particles for use in quantum key distribution (QKD). Due to noise in the communication line, QKD is in practice limited to a distance of a few hundred kilometres,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-04-28 Stefan Bäuml , Matthias Christandl , Karol Horodecki , Andreas Winter

Long distance quantum communication will require the use of quantum repeaters to overcome the exponential attenuation of signal with distance. One class of such repeaters utilizes quantum error correction to overcome losses in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-31 Filip Rozpędek , Kaushik P. Seshadreesan , Paul Polakos , Liang Jiang , Saikat Guha

The development of quantum repeaters poses significant challenges in terms of cost and maintenance, prompting the exploration of alternative approaches for achieving long-distance quantum communication. In the absence of quantum repeaters…

Quantum repeaters -- important components of a scalable quantum internet -- enable the entanglement to be distributed over long distances. The standard paradigm for a quantum repeater relies on a necessary demanding requirement of quantum…

Quantum communication is a secure way to transfer quantum information and to communicate with legitimate parties over distant places in a network. Although communication over a long distance has already been attained, technical problem…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-07 Bikash K. Behera , Swarnadeep Seth , Antariksha Das , Prasanta K. Panigrahi

Single photons are the flying qubits of choice for distributing entanglement in a quantum internet. Quantum memories embedded in quantum repeaters are crucial to overcome transmission loss and enhance the rate of quantum communication. A…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 H. -X Luo , C. Li , J. -L. Ren , Y. Yuan , Y. -L. Wen , J. -F. Li , Y. -F. Wang , S. -C. Zhang , H. Yan , S. -L. Zhu

Variations of phase-matching measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (PM-MDI QKD) protocols have been investigated before, but it was recently discovered that this type of protocol (under the name of twin-field QKD) can beat…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-30 Jie Lin , Norbert Lütkenhaus

Long-distance quantum communication presents a significant challenge as maintaining the fidelity of qubits can be difficult. This issue can be addressed through the use of quantum repeaters to transmit entanglement information through Bell…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-18 Tasdiqul Islam , Engin Arslan

Quantum repeater networks have attracted attention for the implementation of long-distance and large-scale sharing of quantum states. Recently, researchers extended classical network coding, which is a technique for throughput enhancement,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-09 Takahiko Satoh , Kaori Ishizaki , Shota Nagayama , Rodney Van Meter

Internet-scale quantum repeater networks will be heterogeneous in physical technology, repeater functionality, and management. The classical control necessary to use the network will therefore face similar issues as Internet data…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-21 Rodney Van Meter , Joe Touch , Dominic Horsman

Extended quantum networks are based on quantum repeaters that often rely on the distribution of entanglement in an efficient and heralded fashion over multiple network nodes. Many repeater architectures require multiplexed sources of…

Constructing a fault-tolerant quantum computer is a daunting task. Given any design, it is possible to determine the maximum error rate of each type of component that can be tolerated while still permitting arbitrarily large-scale quantum…