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Embodied Question Answering (EQA) connects perception, reasoning, and interaction within embodied environments. However, existing datasets and benchmarks remain fragmented, each focusing on a limited subset of reasoning skills such as…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Xicheng Gong , Qiwei Li , Peiran Xu , Yadong Mu

To explain the predicted answers and evaluate the reasoning abilities of models, several studies have utilized underlying reasoning (UR) tasks in multi-hop question answering (QA) datasets. However, it remains an open question as to how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Xanh Ho , Anh-Khoa Duong Nguyen , Saku Sugawara , Akiko Aizawa

Multi-Hop Question Answering (MHQA) tasks permeate real-world applications, posing challenges in orchestrating multi-step reasoning across diverse knowledge domains. While existing approaches have been improved with iterative retrieval,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Rong Cheng , Jinyi Liu , Yan Zheng , Fei Ni , Jiazhen Du , Hangyu Mao , Fuzheng Zhang , Bo Wang , Jianye Hao

A key limitation in current datasets for multi-hop reasoning is that the required steps for answering the question are mentioned in it explicitly. In this work, we introduce StrategyQA, a question answering (QA) benchmark where the required…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-08 Mor Geva , Daniel Khashabi , Elad Segal , Tushar Khot , Dan Roth , Jonathan Berant

Decision support systems play an important role in medical fields as they can augment clinicians to deal more efficiently and effectively with complex decision-making processes. In the diagnosis of headache disorders, however, existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-08-07 Roberta Costabile , Gelsomina Catalano , Bernardo Cuteri , Maria Concetta Morelli , Nicola Leone , Marco Manna

Multi-hop QA requires the machine to answer complex questions through finding multiple clues and reasoning, and provide explanatory evidence to demonstrate the machine reasoning process. We propose Relation Extractor-Reader and Comparator…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Ruiliu Fu , Han Wang , Xuejun Zhang , Jun Zhou , Yonghong Yan

Multi-hop question answering (QA) is a challenging task requiring QA systems to perform complex reasoning over multiple documents and provide supporting facts together with the exact answer. Existing works tend to utilize graph-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Xin-Yi Li , Wei-Jun Lei , Yu-Bin Yang

In this article we present UNED-ACCESS 2024, a bilingual dataset that consists of 1003 multiple-choice questions of university entrance level exams in Spanish and English. Questions are originally formulated in Spanish and translated…

We present JEC-QA, the largest question answering dataset in the legal domain, collected from the National Judicial Examination of China. The examination is a comprehensive evaluation of professional skills for legal practitioners. College…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-28 Haoxi Zhong , Chaojun Xiao , Cunchao Tu , Tianyang Zhang , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Text-based Question Answering (QA) is a challenging task which aims at finding short concrete answers for users' questions. This line of research has been widely studied with information retrieval techniques and has received increasing…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-05-28 Zahra Abbasiantaeb , Saeedeh Momtazi

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in natural language tasks but still face challenges in Question Answering (QA) tasks requiring complex, multi-step reasoning. We outline the types of reasoning required in some of these tasks, and reframe…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Nick Ferguson , Liane Guillou , Alan Bundy , Kwabena Nuamah

The Visual Question Answering (VQA) task aspires to provide a meaningful testbed for the development of AI models that can jointly reason over visual and natural language inputs. Despite a proliferation of VQA datasets, this goal is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Dustin Schwenk , Apoorv Khandelwal , Christopher Clark , Kenneth Marino , Roozbeh Mottaghi

In this paper, we introduce SWE-QA, a text and code corpus aimed at benchmarking multi-hop code comprehension, addressing the gap between simplified evaluation tasks and the complex reasoning required in real-world software development.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Laïla Elkoussy , Julien Perez

IQ testing has served as a foundational methodology for evaluating human cognitive capabilities, deliberately decoupling assessment from linguistic background, language proficiency, or domain-specific knowledge to isolate core competencies…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Huanqia Cai , Yijun Yang , Winston Hu

The advent of large language models (LLMs) has unlocked great opportunities in complex data management tasks, particularly in question answering (QA) over complicated multi-table relational data. Despite significant progress, systematically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Zipeng Qiu , You Peng , Guangxin He , Binhang Yuan , Chen Wang

We present VQA-MHUG - a novel 49-participant dataset of multimodal human gaze on both images and questions during visual question answering (VQA) collected using a high-speed eye tracker. We use our dataset to analyze the similarity between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Ekta Sood , Fabian Kögel , Florian Strohm , Prajit Dhar , Andreas Bulling

Multi-hop Question Answering (QA) requires the machine to answer complex questions by finding scattering clues and reasoning from multiple documents. Graph Network (GN) and Question Decomposition (QD) are two common approaches at present.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Jiawei Li , Mucheng Ren , Yang Gao , Yizhe Yang

Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC) for question answering (QA), which aims to answer a question given the relevant context passages, is an important way to test the ability of intelligence systems to understand human language.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-20 Di Jin , Shuyang Gao , Jiun-Yu Kao , Tagyoung Chung , Dilek Hakkani-tur

Visual question answering (VQA) is a task that combines both the techniques of computer vision and natural language processing. It requires models to answer a text-based question according to the information contained in a visual. In recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Yeyun Zou , Qiyu Xie

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance in a variety of tasks, but remain largely opaque in terms of their internal mechanisms. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial to improve their reasoning abilities.…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-12-15 Xueqi Ma , Jun Wang , Yanbei Jiang , Sarah Monazam Erfani , Tongliang Liu , James Bailey