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Random number generation is a key technology that is useful in a variety of ways. Random numbers are often used to generate keys for data encryption. Random numbers generated at a sufficiently long length can encrypt sensitive data and make…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-09-12 Jacob Hammond

A wide range of applications require, by hypothesis, to have access to a high-speed, private, and genuine random source. Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNGs) are currently the sole technology capable of producing true randomness.…

The quantum computer is supposed to process information by applying unitary transformations to the complex amplitudes defining the state of N qubits. A useful machine needing N=1000 or more, the number of continuous parameters describing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-09-23 M. I. Dyakonov

Quantum computing has been on the rise in recent years, evidenced by a surge in publications on quantum software engineering and testing. Progress in quantum hardware has also been notable, with the introduction of impressive systems like…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Sinhué García Gil , Luis Llana Díaz , José Ignacio Requeno Jarabo

Quantum reservoir computing offers a promising approach to the utilization of complex quantum dynamics in machine learning. Statistical noise inevitably arises in real settings of quantum reservoir computing (QRC) due to the practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Youssef Kora , Christoph Simon

The standard setting of quantum computation for continuous problems uses deterministic queries and the only source of randomness for quantum algorithms is through measurement. This setting is related to the worst case setting on a classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 H. Wozniakowski

Random Number Generators are critical components of modern cryptosystems. Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNG) have emerged to provide high-quality randomness for these applications. Here we describe a scheme to extract random numbers…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-01 Jaideep Singh , Rodrigo Piera , Yury Kurochkin , James A. Grieve

We introduce a single-number metric, quantum volume, that can be measured using a concrete protocol on near-term quantum computers of modest size ($n\lesssim 50$), and measure it on several state-of-the-art transmon devices, finding values…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-14 Andrew W. Cross , Lev S. Bishop , Sarah Sheldon , Paul D. Nation , Jay M. Gambetta

Reliable randomness is a core ingredient in algorithms and applications ranging from numerical simulations to statistical sampling and cryptography. The outcomes of measurements on entangled quantum states can violate Bell inequalities,…

The randomness from a quantum random number generator (QRNG) relies on the accurate characterization of its devices. However, device imperfections and inaccurate characterizations can result in wrong entropy estimation and bias in practice,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-12-30 You-Qi Nie , Jian-Yu Guan , Hongyi Zhou , Qiang Zhang , Xiongfeng Ma , Jun Zhang , Jian-Wei Pan

Harnessing quantum processes is an efficient method to generate truly indeterministic random numbers, which are of fundamental importance for cryptographic protocols, security applications or Monte-Carlo simulations. Recently, quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-14 Johannes Thewes , Carolin Lüders , Marc Aßmann

The majority of Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNG) are designed as converters of a continuous quantum random variable into a discrete classical random bit value. For the resulting random bit sequence to be minimally biased, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-04-25 Pavel Lougovski , Raphael Pooser

Quantum coherence serves as a fundamental resource for generating intrinsic randomness, yet the quantification of randomness in quantum random number generators (QRNGs) based on spontaneous emission has remained largely phenomenological.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-08 Chenxu Li , Shengfan Liu , Xiongfeng Ma

Quantum computing has tremendous potential to overcome some of the fundamental limitations present in classical information processing. Yet, today's technological limitations in the quality and scaling prevent exploiting its full potential.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-23 Leonid Abdurakhimov , Janos Adam , Hasnain Ahmad , Olli Ahonen , Manuel Algaba , Guillermo Alonso , Ville Bergholm , Rohit Beriwal , Matthias Beuerle , Clinton Bockstiegel , Alessio Calzona , Chun Fai Chan , Daniele Cucurachi , Saga Dahl , Rakhim Davletkaliyev , Olexiy Fedorets , Alejandro Gomez Frieiro , Zheming Gao , Johan Guldmyr , Andrew Guthrie , Juha Hassel , Hermanni Heimonen , Johannes Heinsoo , Tuukka Hiltunen , Keiran Holland , Juho Hotari , Hao Hsu , Antti Huhtala , Eric Hyyppä , Aleksi Hämäläinen , Joni Ikonen , Sinan Inel , David Janzso , Teemu Jaakkola , Mate Jenei , Shan Jolin , Kristinn Juliusson , Jaakko Jussila , Shabeeb Khalid , Seung-Goo Kim , Miikka Koistinen , Roope Kokkoniemi , Anton Komlev , Caspar Ockeloen-Korppi , Otto Koskinen , Janne Kotilahti , Toivo Kuisma , Vladimir Kukushkin , Kari Kumpulainen , Ilari Kuronen , Joonas Kylmälä , Niclas Lamponen , Julia Lamprich , Alessandro Landra , Martin Leib , Tianyi Li , Per Liebermann , Aleksi Lintunen , Wei Liu , Jürgen Luus , Fabian Marxer , Arianne Meijer-van de Griend , Kunal Mitra , Jalil Khatibi Moqadam , Jakub Mrożek , Henrikki Mäkynen , Janne Mäntylä , Tiina Naaranoja , Francesco Nappi , Janne Niemi , Lucas Ortega , Mario Palma , Miha Papič , Matti Partanen , Jari Penttilä , Alexander Plyushch , Wei Qiu , Aniket Rath , Kari Repo , Tomi Riipinen , Jussi Ritvas , Pedro Figueroa Romero , Jarkko Ruoho , Jukka Räbinä , Sampo Saarinen , Indrajeet Sagar , Hayk Sargsyan , Matthew Sarsby , Niko Savola , Mykhailo Savytskyi , Ville Selinmaa , Pavel Smirnov , Marco Marín Suárez , Linus Sundström , Sandra Słupińska , Eelis Takala , Ivan Takmakov , Brian Tarasinski , Manish Thapa , Jukka Tiainen , Francesca Tosto , Jani Tuorila , Carlos Valenzuela , David Vasey , Edwin Vehmaanperä , Antti Vepsäläinen , Aapo Vienamo , Panu Vesanen , Alpo Välimaa , Jaap Wesdorp , Nicola Wurz , Elisabeth Wybo , Lily Yang , Ali Yurtalan

Present-day quantum computers suffer from various noises or errors such as gate error, relaxation, dephasing, readout error, and crosstalk. Besides, they offer a limited number of qubits with restrictive connectivity. Therefore, quantum…

We report upon a novel principle for realization of a fast nondeterministic random number generator whose randomness relies on intrinsic randomness of the quantum physical processes of photonic emission in semiconductors and subsequent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-12-19 M. Stipcevic , B. Medved Rogina

A quantum random number generator (QRNG) as a genuine source of randomness is essential in many applications, such as number simulation and cryptography. Recently, a source-independent quantum random number generator (SI-QRNG), which can…

High quality random numbers are necessary in the modern world. Ranging from encryption keys in cyber security to models and simulations for scientific use: it's important that these random numbers are of high quality and quickly attainable.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Dmitriy Beznosko , Keith Driscoll , Fernando Guadarrama , Steven Mai , Nikolas Thornton

For globally connected devices like smart phones, personal computers and Internet-of-things devices, the ability to generate random numbers is essential for execution of cryptographic protocols responsible for information security.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-25 Mario Stipčević , Ivan Michel Antolović , Claudio Bruschini , Edoardo Charbon

A quantum random number generator (QRNG) based on gated single photon detection of an InGaAs photodiode at GHz frequency is demonstrated. Owing to the extremely long coherence time of each photon, each photons' wavefuntion extends over many…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-07-28 J. F. Dynes , Z. L. Yuan , A. W. Sharpe , A. J. Shields