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Binary code similarity comparison is a methodology for identifying similar or identical code fragments in binary programs. It is indispensable in fields of software engineering and security, which has many important applications (e.g.,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-03 Yikun Hu , Hui Wang , Yuanyuan Zhang , Bodong Li , Dawu Gu

Binary similarity analysis determines if two binary executables are from the same source program. Existing techniques leverage static and dynamic program features and may utilize advanced Deep Learning techniques. Although they have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Xiangzhe Xu , Zhou Xuan , Shiwei Feng , Siyuan Cheng , Yapeng Ye , Qingkai Shi , Guanhong Tao , Le Yu , Zhuo Zhang , Xiangyu Zhang

Binary code similarity detection is a core task in reverse engineering. It supports malware analysis and vulnerability discovery by identifying semantically similar code in different contexts. Modern methods have progressed from manually…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Charles E. Gagnon , Steven H. H. Ding , Philippe Charland , Benjamin C. M. Fung

Clone detection is widely exploited for software vulnerability search. The approaches based on source code analysis cannot be applied to binary clone detection because the same source code can produce significantly different binaries. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-11 Jian Gao , Yu Jiang , Zhe Liu , Xin Yang , Cong Wang , Xun Jiao , Zijiang Yang , Jiaguang Sun

A wide range of binary analysis applications, such as bug discovery, malware analysis and code clone detection, require recovery of contextual meanings on a binary code. Recently, binary analysis techniques based on machine learning have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Hyungjoon Koo , Soyeon Park , Daejin Choi , Taesoo Kim

Binary code clone analysis is an important technique which has a wide range of applications in software engineering (e.g., plagiarism detection, bug detection). The main challenge of the topic lies in the semantics-equivalent code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-08-21 Yikun Hu , Yuanyuan Zhang , Juanru Li , Hui Wang , Bodong Li , Dawu Gu

Malware authors are continuously evolving their code base to include counter-analysis methods that can significantly hinder their detection and blocking. While the execution of malware in a sandboxed environment may provide a lot of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-11 Vasilis Vouvoutsis , Fran Casino , Constantinos Patsakis

Binary analysis is a core component of many critical security tasks, including reverse engineering, malware analysis, and vulnerability detection. Manual analysis is often time-consuming, but identifying commonly-used or previously-seen…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Rebecca Saul , Chang Liu , Noah Fleischmann , Richard Zak , Kristopher Micinski , Edward Raff , James Holt

Binary similarity detection is a critical technique that has been applied in many real-world scenarios where source code is not available, e.g., bug search, malware analysis, and code plagiarism detection. Existing works are ineffective in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-04 Zian Liu , Zhi Zhang , Siqi Ma , Dongxi Liu , Jun Zhang , Chao Chen , Shigang Liu , Muhammad Ejaz Ahmed , Yang Xiang

Binary code search plays a crucial role in applications like software reuse detection. Currently, existing models are typically based on either internal code semantics or a combination of function call graphs (CG) and internal code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Yongpan Wang , Hong Li , Xiaojie Zhu , Siyuan Li , Chaopeng Dong , Shouguo Yang , Kangyuan Qin

Tackling binary program analysis problems has traditionally implied manually defining rules and heuristics, a tedious and time-consuming task for human analysts. In order to improve automation and scalability, we propose an alternative…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Shushan Arakelyan , Sima Arasteh , Christophe Hauser , Erik Kline , Aram Galstyan

The binary similarity problem consists in determining if two functions are similar by only considering their compiled form. Advanced techniques for binary similarity recently gained momentum as they can be applied in several fields, such as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-12-20 Luca Massarelli , Giuseppe Antonio Di Luna , Fabio Petroni , Leonardo Querzoni , Roberto Baldoni

Identifier names convey useful information about the intended semantics of code. Name-based program analyses use this information, e.g., to detect bugs, to predict types, and to improve the readability of code. At the core of name-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-15 Yaza Wainakh , Moiz Rauf , Michael Pradel

Knowledge of the input format of binary executables is important for finding bugs and vulnerabilities, such as generating data for fuzzing or manual reverse engineering. This paper presents an algorithm to recover the structure and semantic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Seshagiri Prabhu Narasimha , Arun Lakhotia

Detecting semantically similar functions -- a crucial analysis capability with broad real-world security usages including vulnerability detection, malware lineage, and forensics -- requires understanding function behaviors and intentions.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-28 Kexin Pei , Zhou Xuan , Junfeng Yang , Suman Jana , Baishakhi Ray

We introduce Bin2Vec, a new framework that helps compare software programs in a clear and explainable way. Instead of focusing only on one type of information, Bin2Vec combines what a program looks like (its built-in functions, imports, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Moussa Moussaoui , Tarik Houichime , Abdelalim Sadiq

Binary Function Similarity Detection (BFSD) is a core problem in software security, supporting tasks such as vulnerability analysis, malware classification, and patch provenance. In the past few decades, numerous models and tools have been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Yiming Fan , Jun Yeon Won , Ding Zhu , Melih Sirlanci , Mahdi Khalili , Carter Yagemann

In this paper we consider the binary similarity problem that consists in determining if two binary functions are similar only considering their compiled form. This problem is know to be crucial in several application scenarios, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-14 Roberto Baldoni , Giuseppe Antonio Di Luna , Luca Massarelli , Fabio Petroni , Leonardo Querzoni

With hundreds of multilingual embedding models available, practitioners lack clear guidance on which provide genuine cross-lingual semantic alignment versus task performance through language-specific patterns. Task-driven benchmarks (MTEB)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Wen G. Gong

Binary rewriting is a rapidly-maturing technique for modifying software for instrumentation, customization, optimization, and hardening without access to source code. Unfortunately, the practical applications of binary rewriting tools are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-09 Eric Schulte , Michael D. Brown , Vlad Folts
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