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Multi-hop question answering (MHQA) requires a model to retrieve and integrate information from multiple passages to answer a complex question. Recent systems leverage the power of large language models and integrate evidence retrieval with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Zhenyu Bi , Daniel Hajialigol , Zhongkai Sun , Jie Hao , Xuan Wang

While most successful approaches for machine reading comprehension rely on single training objective, it is assumed that the encoder layer can learn great representation through the loss function we define in the predict layer, which is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-18 Yifeng Xie

Multi-hop question answering (QA) often requires sequential retrieval (multi-hop retrieval), where each hop retrieves missing knowledge based on information from previous hops. To facilitate more effective retrieval, we aim to distill…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Zehua Xia , Yuyang Wu , Yiyun Xia , Cam-Tu Nguyen

This work deals with the challenge of learning and reasoning over multi-modal multi-hop question answering (QA). We propose a graph reasoning network based on the semantic structure of the sentences to learn multi-source reasoning paths and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Navya Yarrabelly , Saloni Mittal

Multiple-choice reading comprehension (MCRC) is the task of selecting the correct answer from multiple options given a question and an article. Existing MCRC models typically either read each option independently or compute a fixed-length…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-03-08 Qiu Ran , Peng Li , Weiwei Hu , Jie Zhou

Explainable question answering (XQA) aims to answer a given question and provide an explanation why the answer is selected. Existing XQA methods focus on reasoning on a single knowledge source, e.g., structured knowledge bases, unstructured…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Jiajie Zhang , Shulin Cao , Tingjia Zhang , Xin Lv , Jiaxin Shi , Qi Tian , Juanzi Li , Lei Hou

Multi-choice Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC) as a challenge requires models to select the most appropriate answer from a set of candidates with a given passage and question. Most of the existing researches focus on the modeling of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Yilin Zhao , Zhuosheng Zhang , Hai Zhao

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) can supplement large language models (LLMs) by integrating external knowledge. However, as the number of retrieved documents increases, the input length to LLMs grows linearly, causing a dramatic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Yuankai Li , Jia-Chen Gu , Di Wu , Kai-Wei Chang , Nanyun Peng

Knowledge transfer from a complex high performing model to a simpler and potentially low performing one in order to enhance its performance has been of great interest over the last few years as it finds applications in important problems…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-09 Amit Dhurandhar , Tejaswini Pedapati

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) remains brittle on multi-step questions and heterogeneous evidence sources, trading accuracy against latency and token/tool budgets. This paper introduces RELOOP, a structure aware framework using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Ruiyi Yang , Hao Xue , Imran Razzak , Hakim Hacid , Flora D. Salim

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems have made significant progress in solving complex multi-hop question answering (QA) tasks in the English scenario. However, RAG systems inevitably face the application scenario of retrieving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Yilin Wang , Yuchun Fan , Jiaoyang Li , Ziming Zhu , Yongyu Mu , Qiaozhi He , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

Learning interpretable and transferable subpolicies and performing task decomposition from a single, complex task is difficult. Some traditional hierarchical reinforcement learning techniques enforce this decomposition in a top-down manner,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-06 Bohan Wu , Jayesh K. Gupta , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

Visual question answering (VQA) is a challenging multi-modal task that requires not only the semantic understanding of both images and questions, but also the sound perception of a step-by-step reasoning process that would lead to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Siwen Luo , Soyeon Caren Han , Kaiyuan Sun , Josiah Poon

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems often struggle with imperfect retrieval, as traditional retrievers focus on lexical or semantic similarity rather than logical relevance. To address this, we propose \textbf{HopRAG}, a novel RAG…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Hao Liu , Zhengren Wang , Xi Chen , Zhiyu Li , Feiyu Xiong , Qinhan Yu , Wentao Zhang

Recent years have witnessed impressive advances in challenging multi-hop QA tasks. However, these QA models may fail when faced with some disturbance in the input text and their interpretability for conducting multi-hop reasoning remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Jiayu Ding , Siyuan Wang , Qin Chen , Zhongyu Wei

Any system which performs goal-directed continual learning must not only learn incrementally but process and absorb information incrementally. Such a system also has to understand when its goals have been achieved. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-01-16 Samira Abnar , Tania Bedrax-weiss , Tom Kwiatkowski , William W. Cohen

Despite recent work in Reading Comprehension (RC), progress has been mostly limited to English due to the lack of large-scale datasets in other languages. In this work, we introduce the first RC system for languages without RC training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-06 Akari Asai , Akiko Eriguchi , Kazuma Hashimoto , Yoshimasa Tsuruoka

Grounding large language models (LLMs) in verifiable external sources is a well-established strategy for generating reliable answers. Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is one such approach, particularly effective for tasks like question…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Paul J. L. Ammann , Jonas Golde , Alan Akbik

Multiple-choice reading and listening comprehension tests are an important part of language assessment. Content creators for standard educational tests need to carefully curate questions that assess the comprehension abilities of candidates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Vatsal Raina , Adian Liusie , Mark Gales

Multihop Question Answering (QA) requires systems to identify and synthesize information from multiple text passages. While most prior retrieval methods assist in identifying relevant passages for QA, further assessing the utility of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Akriti Jain , Aparna Garimella