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Smart contract technology is reshaping conventional industry and business processes. Being embedded in blockchains, smart contracts enable the contractual terms of an agreement to be enforced automatically without the intervention of a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-12-24 Zibin Zheng , Shaoan Xie , Hong-Ning Dai , Weili Chen , Xiangping Chen , Jian Weng , Muhammad Imran

Compiler correctness is an old problem, but with the emergence of smart contracts on blockchains that problem presents itself in a new light. Smart contracts are self-contained pieces of software that control assets, which are often of high…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Jacco O. G. Krijnen , Manuel M. T. Chakravarty , Gabriele Keller , Wouter Swierstra

Blockchain benefits are due to immutability, replication, and storage-and-execution of smart contracts on the blockchain. However, the benefits come at increased costs due to the blockchain size and execution. We address three fundamental…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Christian Gang Liu

The adoption of blockchain based distributed ledgers is growing fast due to their ability to provide reliability, integrity, and auditability without trusted entities. One of the key capabilities of these emerging platforms is the ability…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Anastasia Mavridou , Aron Laszka , Emmanouela Stachtiari , Abhishek Dubey

Smart contracts are autonomous and immutable pieces of code that are deployed on blockchain networks and run by miners. They were first introduced by Ethereum in 2014 and have since been used for various applications such as security…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Mahdi Fooladgar , Fathiyeh Faghih

Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that gained popularity for enabling the transformation of cryptocurrency among peers without mediation by a centralized third-party authority. Smart contracts expand the applications of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Majd Soud , Gísli Hjálmtýsson , Mohammad Hamdaqa

The industrial market continuously needs reliable solutions to secure autonomous systems. Especially as these systems become more complex and interconnected, reliable security solutions are becoming increasingly important. One promising…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Önder Gürcan

With the advent of blockchain technologies, the idea of decentralized applications has gained traction. Smart contracts permit the implementation of application logic to foster distributed systems that are capable of removing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-02-12 Martin Westerkamp

As a blockchain platform that has developed vigorously in recent years, Ethereum is different from Bitcoin in that it introduces smart contracts into blockchain.Solidity is one of the most mature and widely used smart contract programming…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-11-25 Pengcheng Zhang , Feng Xiao , Xiapu Luo

As time progresses, the need for more secure applications grows exponentially. The different types of sensitive information that is being transferred virtually has sparked a rise in systems that leverage blockchain. Different sectors are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-04 Myles Lewis , Chris Crawford

In this paper we discuss how conventional business contracts can be converted into smart contracts---their electronic equivalents that can be used to systematically monitor and enforce contractual rights, obligations and prohibitions at run…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-05-03 Carlos Molina-Jimenez , Ellis Solaiman , Ioannis Sfyrakis , Irene Ng , Jon Crowcroft

The development of blockchain technologies has enabled the trustless execution of so-called smart contracts, i.e. programs that regulate the exchange of assets (e.g., cryptocurrency) between users. In a decentralized blockchain, the state…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Massimo Bartoletti , Letterio Galletta , Maurizio Murgia

With the increase of the adoption of blockchain technology in providing decentralized solutions to various problems, smart contracts have become more popular to the point that billions of US Dollars are currently exchanged every day through…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Feng Mi , Chen Zhao , Zhuoyi Wang , Sadaf MD Halim , Xiaodi Li , Zhouxiang Wu , Latifur Khan , Bhavani Thuraisingham

The irreversible nature of blockchain transactions makes the identification of smart contract vulnerabilities an essential requirement for secure system development. While Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Stefan-Claudiu Susan , Andrei Arusoaie , Dorel Lucanu

Smart contracts manage blockchain assets and embody business processes. However, mainstream smart contract programming languages such as Solidity lack explicit notions of roles, action dependencies, and time. Instead, these concepts are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Mojtaba Eshghie , Wolfgang Ahrendt , Cyrille Artho , Thomas Troels Hildebrandt , Gerardo Schneider

Context: Smart contract vulnerabilities pose significant security risks for the Ethereum ecosystem, driving the development of automated tools for detection and mitigation. Smart contracts are written in Solidity, a programming language…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Gerardo Iuliano , Davide Corradini , Michele Pasqua , Mariano Ceccato , Dario Di Nucci

We propose a formal approach for specifying and implementing decentralised coordination in distributed systems, with a focus on smart contracts. Our model captures dynamic roles, data-driven transitions, and external coordination…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Elvis Konjoh Selabi , Maurizio Murgia , António Ravara , Emilio Tuosto

Blockchains are decentralized systems that provide trustable execution guarantees. Smart contracts are programs written in specialized programming languages running on blockchains that govern how tokens and cryptocurrency are sent and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Margarita Capretto , Martin Ceresa , Cesar Sanchez

Smart contracts are computer programs that run on blockchain platforms, with Solidity being the most widely used language for their development. As blockchain technology advances, smart contracts have become increasingly important across…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Lantian Li , Zhihao Liu , Zhongxing Yu

With the recent popularity of Blockchain and other Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT), blockchain enabled smart contract applications has attracted increased research focus. However, the immutability of the blocks, where the smart…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-01-30 Mahdi H. Miraz , Maaruf Ali