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Out-of-distribution detection (OOD) is a crucial technique for deploying machine learning models in the real world to handle the unseen scenarios. In this paper, we first propose a simple yet effective Neural Activation Prior (NAP) for OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Weilin Wan , Weizhong Zhang , Quan Zhou , Fan Yi , Cheng Jin

The problem of out-of-distribution detection for graph classification is far from being solved. The existing models tend to be overconfident about OOD examples or completely ignore the detection task. In this work, we consider this problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-23 Gleb Bazhenov , Sergei Ivanov , Maxim Panov , Alexey Zaytsev , Evgeny Burnaev

Deep Learning models perform unreliably when the data comes from a distribution different from the training one. In critical applications such as medical imaging, out-of-distribution (OOD) detection methods help to identify such data…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-26 Anton Vasiliuk , Daria Frolova , Mikhail Belyaev , Boris Shirokikh

Machine learning methods must be trusted to make appropriate decisions in real-world environments, even when faced with out-of-distribution (OOD) samples. Many current approaches simply aim to detect OOD examples and alert the user when an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Randolph Linderman , Jingyang Zhang , Nathan Inkawhich , Hai Li , Yiran Chen

Deep neural networks are susceptible to generating overconfident yet erroneous predictions when presented with data beyond known concepts. This challenge underscores the importance of detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples in the open…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Yiye Chen , Yunzhi Lin , Ruinian Xu , Patricio A. Vela

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection can be used in deep learning-based applications to reject outlier samples from being unreliably classified by deep neural networks. Learning to classify between OOD and in-distribution samples is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Jaeyoung Kim , Seo Taek Kong , Dongbin Na , Kyu-Hwan Jung

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection plays a vital role in enhancing the reliability of machine learning (ML) models. The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has catalyzed a paradigm shift within the ML community, showcasing their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Bo Liu , Liming Zhan , Zexin Lu , Yujie Feng , Lei Xue , Xiao-Ming Wu

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is committed to delineating the classification boundaries between in-distribution (ID) and OOD images. Recent advances in vision-language models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable OOD detection…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Zhixia He , Chen Zhao , Minglai Shao , Xintao Wu , Xujiang Zhao , Dong Li , Qin Tian , Linlin Yu

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is critical for safe deployment; however, existing detectors often struggle to generalize across datasets of varying scales and model architectures, and some can incur high computational costs in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Litian Liu , Yao Qin

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is an indispensable aspect of secure AI when deploying machine learning models in real-world applications. Previous paradigms either explore better scoring functions or utilize the knowledge of outliers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Jianing Zhu , Hengzhuang Li , Jiangchao Yao , Tongliang Liu , Jianliang Xu , Bo Han

Numerous machine learning (ML) models have been developed, including those for software engineering (SE) tasks, under the assumption that training and testing data come from the same distribution. However, training and testing distributions…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yanfu Yan , Viet Duong , Huajie Shao , Denys Poshyvanyk

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data has become a critical component in ensuring the safe deployment of machine learning models in the real world. Existing OOD detection approaches primarily rely on the output or feature space for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Rui Huang , Andrew Geng , Yixuan Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical issue for the stable and reliable operation of systems using a deep neural network (DNN). Although many OOD detection methods have been proposed, it remains unclear how the differences…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Kazuki Uematsu , Kosuke Haruki , Taiji Suzuki , Mitsuhiro Kimura , Takahiro Takimoto , Hideyuki Nakagawa

The application of machine learning in safety-critical systems requires a reliable assessment of uncertainty. However, deep neural networks are known to produce highly overconfident predictions on out-of-distribution (OOD) data. Even if…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Alexander Meinke , Julian Bitterwolf , Matthias Hein

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for the reliable deployment of machine learning models in real-world scenarios, enabling the identification of unknown samples or objects. A prominent approach to enhance OOD detection…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-05 Heng Gao , Jun Li

The usage of deep neural networks in safety-critical systems is limited by our ability to guarantee their correct behavior. Runtime monitors are components aiming to identify unsafe predictions and discard them before they can lead to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-16 Joris Guérin , Kevin Delmas , Raul Sena Ferreira , Jérémie Guiochet

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a crucial part of deploying machine learning models safely. It has been extensively studied with a plethora of methods developed in the literature. This problem is tackled with an OOD score…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Jingqiu Zhou , Aojun Zhou , Hongsheng Li

The training and test data for deep-neural-network-based classifiers are usually assumed to be sampled from the same distribution. When part of the test samples are drawn from a distribution that is sufficiently far away from that of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Yinan Wang , Wenbo Sun , Jionghua "Judy" Jin , Zhenyu "James" Kong , Xiaowei Yue

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has received much attention lately due to its practical importance in enhancing the safe deployment of neural networks. One of the primary challenges is that models often produce highly confident…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Yiyou Sun , Chuan Guo , Yixuan Li

Unsupervised out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to identify out-of-domain data by learning only from unlabeled In-Distribution (ID) training samples, which is crucial for developing a safe real-world machine learning system. Current…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ying Yang , De Cheng , Chaowei Fang , Yubiao Wang , Changzhe Jiao , Lechao Cheng , Nannan Wang