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Deep neural networks (DNNs) generalize remarkably well without explicit regularization even in the strongly over-parametrized regime where classical learning theory would instead predict that they would severely overfit. While many…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-04-23 Guillermo Valle-Pérez , Chico Q. Camargo , Ard A. Louis

Modern machine learning is dominated by complex, overparameterized architectures capable of interpolating data and achieving zero training loss. For such models, we investigate the convergence properties of two popular modifications to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-27 Aleksandr Lobanov , Anastasia Koloskova

In this paper, we consider a general stochastic optimization problem which is often at the core of supervised learning, such as deep learning and linear classification. We consider a standard stochastic gradient descent (SGD) method with a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-12-27 Lam M. Nguyen , Nam H. Nguyen , Dzung T. Phan , Jayant R. Kalagnanam , Katya Scheinberg

Efforts to understand the generalization mystery in deep learning have led to the belief that gradient-based optimization induces a form of implicit regularization, a bias towards models of low "complexity." We study the implicit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Sanjeev Arora , Nadav Cohen , Wei Hu , Yuping Luo

A candidate explanation of the good empirical performance of deep neural networks is the implicit regularization effect of first order optimization methods. Inspired by this, we prove a convergence theorem for nonconvex composite…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Dávid Terjék , Diego González-Sánchez

Non-convex optimization problems are ubiquitous in machine learning, especially in Deep Learning. While such complex problems can often be successfully optimized in practice by using stochastic gradient descent (SGD), theoretical analysis…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-21 Harsh Vardhan , Sebastian U. Stich

Regularization is typically understood as improving generalization by altering the landscape of local extrema to which the model eventually converges. Deep neural networks (DNNs), however, challenge this view: We show that removing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-03 Aditya Golatkar , Alessandro Achille , Stefano Soatto

Over the past years, there has been significant interest in understanding the implicit bias of gradient descent optimization and its connection to the generalization properties of overparametrized neural networks. Several works observed…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-03-11 Hung-Hsu Chou , Johannes Maly , Claudio Mayrink Verdun , Bernardo Freitas Paulo da Costa , Heudson Mirandola

This work studies the global convergence and implicit bias of Gauss Newton's (GN) when optimizing over-parameterized one-hidden layer networks in the mean-field regime. We first establish a global convergence result for GN in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Michael Arbel , Romain Menegaux , Pierre Wolinski

Implicit bias induced by gradient-based algorithms is essential to the generalization of overparameterized models, yet its mechanisms can be subtle. This work leverages the Normalized Steepest Descent} (NSD) framework to investigate how…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Shengping Xie , Zekun Wu , Quan Chen , Kaixu Tang

Stochastic gradient descent~(SGD) and its variants have been the dominating optimization methods in machine learning. Compared to SGD with small-batch training, SGD with large-batch training can better utilize the computational power of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-16 Shen-Yi Zhao , Chang-Wei Shi , Yin-Peng Xie , Wu-Jun Li

Understanding the implicit regularization imposed by neural network architectures and gradient based optimization methods is a key challenge in deep learning and AI. In this work we provide sharp results for the implicit regularization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-17 Johan S. Wind , Vegard Antun , Anders C. Hansen

Driven by the empirical success and wide use of deep neural networks, understanding the generalization performance of overparameterized models has become an increasingly popular question. To this end, there has been substantial effort to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Haoyuan Sun , Kwangjun Ahn , Christos Thrampoulidis , Navid Azizan

While second order optimizers such as natural gradient descent (NGD) often speed up optimization, their effect on generalization has been called into question. This work presents a more nuanced view on how the \textit{implicit bias} of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-12-10 Shun-ichi Amari , Jimmy Ba , Roger Grosse , Xuechen Li , Atsushi Nitanda , Taiji Suzuki , Denny Wu , Ji Xu

Commonly used optimization algorithms often show a trade-off between good generalization and fast training times. For instance, stochastic gradient descent (SGD) tends to have good generalization; however, adaptive gradient methods have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Aditya Cowsik , Tankut Can , Paolo Glorioso

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) is widely used in machine learning problems to efficiently perform empirical risk minimization, yet, in practice, SGD is known to stall before reaching the actual minimizer of the empirical risk. SGD…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-02-09 Vivak Patel

This paper follows up on a recent work of Neu et al. (2021) and presents some new information-theoretic upper bounds for the generalization error of machine learning models, such as neural networks, trained with SGD. We apply these bounds…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Ziqiao Wang , Yongyi Mao

Previous works on stochastic gradient descent (SGD) often focus on its success. In this work, we construct worst-case optimization problems illustrating that, when not in the regimes that the previous works often assume, SGD can exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Liu Ziyin , Botao Li , James B. Simon , Masahito Ueda

Deep deraining networks consistently encounter substantial generalization issues when deployed in real-world applications, although they are successful in laboratory benchmarks. A prevailing perspective in deep learning encourages using…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Jinjin Gu , Xianzheng Ma , Xiangtao Kong , Yu Qiao , Chao Dong

Regularizing the gradient norm of the output of a neural network with respect to its inputs is a powerful technique, rediscovered several times. This paper presents evidence that gradient regularization can consistently improve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-28 Dániel Varga , Adrián Csiszárik , Zsolt Zombori