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Language models generate reasoning sequentially, preventing them from decoupling irrelevant exploration paths during search. We introduce Tree-Structured Language Modeling (TSLM), which uses special tokens to encode branching structure,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Doyoung Kim , Jaehyeok Doo , Minjoon Seo

Referential grounding in outdoor driving scenes is challenging due to large scene variability, many visually similar objects, and dynamic elements that complicate resolving natural-language references (e.g., "the black car on the right").…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Pranav Saxena , Avigyan Bhattacharya , Ji Zhang , Wenshan Wang

A robot's ability to understand or ground natural language instructions is fundamentally tied to its knowledge about the surrounding world. We present an approach to grounding natural language utterances in the context of factual…

Robotics · Computer Science 2018-11-19 Rohan Paul , Andrei Barbu , Sue Felshin , Boris Katz , Nicholas Roy

Visual grounding is a task to ground referring expressions in images, e.g., localize "the white truck in front of the yellow one". To resolve this task fundamentally, the model should first find out the contextual objects (e.g., the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-13 Daqing Liu , Hanwang Zhang , Zheng-Jun Zha , Meng Wang , Qianru Sun

Object referring aims to detect all objects in an image that match a given natural language description. We argue that a robust object referring model should be grounded, meaning its predictions should be both explainable and faithful to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Qing Jiang , Xingyu Chen , Zhaoyang Zeng , Junzhi Yu , Lei Zhang

Understanding realistic visual scene images together with language descriptions is a fundamental task towards generic visual understanding. Previous works have shown compelling comprehensive results by building hierarchical structures for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-02 Chao Lou , Wenjuan Han , Yuhuan Lin , Zilong Zheng

We propose a large language model explainability technique for obtaining faithful natural language explanations by grounding the explanations in a reasoning process. When converted to a sequence of tokens, the outputs of the reasoning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Vojtech Cahlik , Rodrigo Alves , Pavel Kordik

Large language models have achieved high performance on various question answering (QA) benchmarks, but the explainability of their output remains elusive. Structured explanations, called entailment trees, were recently suggested as a way…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-21 Danilo Ribeiro , Shen Wang , Xiaofei Ma , Rui Dong , Xiaokai Wei , Henry Zhu , Xinchi Chen , Zhiheng Huang , Peng Xu , Andrew Arnold , Dan Roth

Vision Language Navigation (VLN) typically requires agents to navigate to specified objects or remote regions in unknown scenes by obeying linguistic commands. Such tasks require organizing historical visual observations for linguistic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Bolei Chen , Jiaxu Kang , Yifei Wang , Ping Zhong , Qi Wu , Jianxin Wang

Latent tree learning(LTL) methods learn to parse sentences using only indirect supervision from a downstream task. Recent advances in latent tree learning have made it possible to recover moderately high quality tree structures by training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-24 Phu Mon Htut , Kyunghyun Cho , Samuel R. Bowman

Sentence embedding is an effective feature representation for most deep learning-based NLP tasks. One prevailing line of methods is using recursive latent tree-structured networks to embed sentences with task-specific structures. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-16 Jiaxin Shi , Lei Hou , Juanzi Li , Zhiyuan Liu , Hanwang Zhang

Recent advancements in Large Vision Language Models (LVLMs) have significantly improved performance in Visual Question Answering (VQA) tasks through multimodal Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). However, existing methods still face…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Qi Yang , Chenghao Zhang , Lubin Fan , Kun Ding , Jieping Ye , Shiming Xiang

Multi-step reasoning remains a key challenge for Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly in complex domains such as mathematics and creative writing. While recent approaches including ReAct, Reflexion, and Self-Refine improve reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Abhishek HS , Pavan C Shekar , Arpit Jain , Ashwanth Krishnan

Constructing responses in task-oriented dialogue systems typically relies on information sources such the current dialogue state or external databases. This paper presents a novel approach to knowledge-grounded response generation that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Nicholas Thomas Walker , Stefan Ultes , Pierre Lison

The current state-of-the-art image-sentence retrieval methods implicitly align the visual-textual fragments, like regions in images and words in sentences, and adopt attention modules to highlight the relevance of cross-modal semantic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-06 Xuri Ge , Fuhai Chen , Joemon M. Jose , Zhilong Ji , Zhongqin Wu , Xiao Liu

We describe a generative probabilistic model of natural language, which we call HBG, that takes advantage of detailed linguistic information to resolve ambiguity. HBG incorporates lexical, syntactic, semantic, and structural information…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 Ezra Black , Fred Jelinek , John Lafferty , David M. Magerman , Robert Mercer , Salim Roukos

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have made striking progress, yet their spatial reasoning remains fragile: models that answer an original input correctly can still fail under paired transformations with predictable answer mappings, revealing a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Junming Liu , Yuqi Li , Yifei Sun , Maonan Wang , Piotr Koniusz , Yirong Chen , Ding Wang

As robots become more ubiquitous and capable, it becomes ever more important to enable untrained users to easily interact with them. Recently, this has led to study of the language grounding problem, where the goal is to extract…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2012-07-03 Cynthia Matuszek , Nicholas FitzGerald , Luke Zettlemoyer , Liefeng Bo , Dieter Fox

In this paper, we introduce the task of visual grounding for remote sensing data (RSVG). RSVG aims to localize the referred objects in remote sensing (RS) images with the guidance of natural language. To retrieve rich information from RS…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Yang Zhan , Zhitong Xiong , Yuan Yuan

The Learnable Tree Filter presents a remarkable approach to model structure-preserving relations for semantic segmentation. Nevertheless, the intrinsic geometric constraint forces it to focus on the regions with close spatial distance,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-08 Lin Song , Yanwei Li , Zhengkai Jiang , Zeming Li , Xiangyu Zhang , Hongbin Sun , Jian Sun , Nanning Zheng