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Orphan transactions are those whose parental income-sources are missing at the time that they are processed. These transactions are not propagated to other nodes until all of their missing parents are received, and they thus end up…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-03-13 Muhammad Anas Imtiaz , David Starobinski , Ari Trachtenberg

We construct the Bitcoin User Network (BUN) directly from raw blockchain data up to late 2025, which allows us to explore its mesoscopic properties and trace its temporal evolution. In particular, we analyze the structure of connected…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Myriam Nonaka , F. Javier Marín-Rodríguez , Alexander Jiricny , Miguel Romance , Regino Criado , Sergio Iglesias-Pérez , Alberto Partida

Cryptocurrencies are distributed systems that allow exchanges of native (and non-) tokens among participants. The complete historical bookkeeping and its wide availability opens up an unprecedented possibility, i.e. that of understanding…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-12-02 Nicolò Vallarano , Claudio Tessone , Tiziano Squartini

This paper will propose a novel machine learning based portfolio management method in the context of the cryptocurrency market. Previous researchers mainly focus on the prediction of the movement for specific cryptocurrency such as the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Zijiang Yang

The recent financial crisis of 2008 and the 2011 indebtedness of Greece highlight the importance of understanding the structure of the global financial network. In this paper we set out to analyze and characterize this network, as captured…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2015-03-19 Tilman Dette , Scott Pauls , Daniel N. Rockmore

Cryptocurrency is a well-developed blockchain technology application that is currently a heated topic throughout the world. The public availability of transaction histories offers an opportunity to analyze and compare different…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2018-08-28 Jiaqi Liang , Linjing Li , Daniel Zeng

We study the probabilistic distribution of the confirmation time of Bitcoin transactions, conditional on the current memory pool (i.e., the queue of transactions awaiting confirmation). The results of this paper are particularly interesting…

Performance · Computer Science 2018-10-22 David Koops

This study, to the best of our knowledge for the first time, delves into the spatiotemporal dynamics of Bitcoin transactions, shedding light on the scaling laws governing its geographic usage. Leveraging a dataset of IP addresses and…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Lajos Kelemen , István András Seres , Ágnes Backhausz

Bitcoin is a popular alternative to fiat money, widely used for its perceived anonymity properties. However, recent attacks on Bitcoin's peer-to-peer (P2P) network demonstrated that its gossip-based flooding protocols, which are used to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-03-28 Giulia Fanti , Pramod Viswanath

Bitcoin is firmly becoming a mainstream asset in our global society. Its highly volatile nature has traders and speculators flooding into the market to take advantage of its significant price swings in the hope of making money. This work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Nathan Crone , Eoin Brophy , Tomas Ward

Blockchain is based on a P2P network, supporting decentralized consensus of current cryptocurrencies. Since bitcoin and altcoins all utilize an underlying blockchain, they are therefore greatly affected by the performance of the P2P…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-09-17 Wei Bi , Huawei Yang , Maolin Zheng

Bitcoin is a decentralised digital currency that relies on cryptography rather than trusted third parties such as central banks for its security. Underpinning the operation of the currency is a peer-to-peer (P2P) network that facilitates…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-05-29 James Tapsell , Raja Naeem Akram , Konstantinos Markantonakis

We study a random process over graphs inspired by the way payments are executed in the Lightning Network, the main layer-two solution on top of Bitcoin. We first prove almost tight upper and lower bounds on the time it takes for a payment…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Taki E. M. Abedesselam , Fabio Giacomelli , Francesco Pasquale , Michele Salvi

Cryptocurrencies are highly volatile financial instruments with more and more new retail investors joining the scene with each passing day. Bitcoin has always proved to determine in which way the rest of the cryptocurrency market is headed…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-11-22 Rahul Arulkumaran , Suyash Kumar , Shikha Tomar , Manideep Gongalla , Harshitha

Recent technological advancements have resulted in a surge in online trading, raising severe concerns about theft and fraud, especially on platforms like Bitcoin OTC (over-the-counter), where users' identities remain anonymous. To mitigate…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-08-20 Harsh Patel , Shivam Sahni , Pushkar Mujumdar

Zcash is a privacy-preserving cryptocurrency that provides anonymous monetary transactions. While Zcash's anonymity is part of a rigorous scientific discussion, information on the underlying peer-to-peer network are missing. In this paper,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-29 Erik Daniel , Elias Rohrer , Florian Tschorsch

Bitcoin is by far the most popular crypto-currency solution enabling peer-to-peer payments. Despite some studies highlighting the network does not provide full anonymity, it is still being heavily used for a wide variety of dubious…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Yining Hu , Suranga Seneviratne , Kanchana Thilakarathna , Kensuke Fukuda , Aruna Seneviratne

Bitcoin is a popular digital currency for online payments, realized as a decentralized peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Bitcoin keeps a ledger of all transactions; the majority of the participants decides on the correct ledger. Since…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-11-16 Kaylash Chaudhary , Ansgar Fehnker , Jaco van de Pol , Marielle Stoelinga

Blockchains use peer-to-peer networks for disseminating information among peers, but these networks currently do not have any provable guarantees for desirable properties such as Byzantine fault tolerance, good connectivity and small…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-02-01 Vijeth Aradhya , Seth Gilbert , Aquinas Hobor

Blockchains are typically managed by peer-to-peer (P2P) networks providing the support and substrate to the so-called distributed ledger (DLT), a replicated, shared, and synchronized data structure, geographically spread across multiple…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-11-30 Sami Ben Mariem , Pedro Casas , Matteo Romiti , Benoit Donnet , Rainer Stütz , Bernhard Haslhofer