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Artificial intelligence now outperforms humans in several scientific and engineering tasks, yet its internal representations often remain opaque. In this Perspective, we argue that explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), combined with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Ricardo Vinuesa , Steven L. Brunton , Gianmarco Mengaldo

As artificial intelligence systems increasingly inform high-stakes decisions across sectors, transparency has become foundational to responsible and trustworthy AI implementation. Leveraging our role as a leading institute in advancing AI…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Dhanesh Ramachandram , Himanshu Joshi , Judy Zhu , Dhari Gandhi , Lucas Hartman , Ananya Raval

The increasing use of complex machine learning models in education has led to concerns about their interpretability, which in turn has spurred interest in developing explainability techniques that are both faithful to the model's inner…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Juan D. Pinto , Luc Paquette

As deep neural networks (DNNs) get adopted in an ever-increasing number of applications, explainability has emerged as a crucial desideratum for these models. In many real-world tasks, one of the principal reasons for requiring…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-07-03 Vedant Nanda , Till Speicher , John P. Dickerson , Krishna P. Gummadi , Muhammad Bilal Zafar

World Models help Artificial Intelligence (AI) predict outcomes, reason about its environment, and guide decision-making. While widely used in reinforcement learning, they lack the structured, adaptive representations that even young…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Javier Del Ser , Jesus L. Lobo , Heimo Müller , Andreas Holzinger

Machine-learning models have demonstrated great success in learning complex patterns that enable them to make predictions about unobserved data. In addition to using models for prediction, the ability to interpret what a model has learned…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-11-15 W. James Murdoch , Chandan Singh , Karl Kumbier , Reza Abbasi-Asl , Bin Yu

European Law now requires AI to be explainable in the context of adverse decisions affecting European Union (EU) citizens. At the same time, it is expected that there will be increasing instances of AI failure as it operates on imperfect…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-08-28 J. L. Olds , M. S. Khan , M. Nayebpour , N. Koizumi

I postulate that human or other intelligent agents function or should function as follows. They store all sensory observations as they come - the data is holy. At any time, given some agent's current coding capabilities, part of the data is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-09-06 Juergen Schmidhuber

Explainable artificial intelligence is a research field that tries to provide more transparency for autonomous intelligent systems. Explainability has been used, particularly in reinforcement learning and robotic scenarios, to better…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-08 Francisco Cruz , Charlotte Young , Richard Dazeley , Peter Vamplew

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are known as black-box models. In other words, it is difficult to interpret the internal state of the model. Improving the interpretability of DNNs is one of the hot research topics. However, at present, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-17 Masanari Kimura , Masayuki Tanaka

The symbolism, connectionism and behaviorism approaches of artificial intelligence have achieved a lot of successes in various tasks, while we still do not have a clear definition of "intelligence" with enough consensus in the community…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-23 Yutao Yue

Although a recent shift has been made in the field of predictive process monitoring to use models from the explainable artificial intelligence field, the evaluation still occurs mainly through performance-based metrics, thus not accounting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Alexander Stevens , Johannes De Smedt

Accountability is widely understood as a goal for well governed computer systems, and is a sought-after value in many governance contexts. But how can it be achieved? Recent work on standards for governable artificial intelligence systems…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-08-23 Joshua A. Kroll

A natural approach to teaching a visual concept, e.g. a bird species, is to show relevant images. However, not all relevant images represent a concept equally well. In other words, they are not necessarily iconic. This observation raises…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2014-08-20 Yangmuzi Zhang , Diane Larlus , Florent Perronnin

Background. Reproducibility is essential to the scientific method, but reproduction is often a laborious task. Recent works have attempted to automate this process and relieve researchers of this workload. However, due to varying…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Thijs Snelleman , Peter Lundestad Lawrence , Holger H. Hoos , Odd Erik Gundersen

Explainability in AI is crucial for model development, compliance with regulation, and providing operational nuance to predictions. The Shapley framework for explainability attributes a model's predictions to its input features in a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-21 Christopher Frye , Damien de Mijolla , Tom Begley , Laurence Cowton , Megan Stanley , Ilya Feige

Logical rules are a popular knowledge representation language in many domains, representing background knowledge and encoding information that can be derived from given facts in a compact form. However, rule formulation is a complex process…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-13 Cristina Cornelio , Veronika Thost

Despite the prevalence of the Computational Theory of Mind and the Connectionist Model, the establishing of the key principles of the Cognitive Science are still controversy and inconclusive. This paper proposes the concept of Pattern…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-06-02 Gilberto de Paiva

Generative AI models offer powerful capabilities but often lack transparency, making it difficult to interpret their output. This is critical in cases involving artistic or copyrighted content. This work introduces a search-inspired…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Theodoros Aivalis , Iraklis A. Klampanos , Antonis Troumpoukis , Joemon M. Jose

Machine learning is the science of discovering statistical dependencies in data, and the use of those dependencies to perform predictions. During the last decade, machine learning has made spectacular progress, surpassing human performance…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-07-13 David Lopez-Paz
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