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Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable potential for problem solving, with open source models achieving increasingly impressive performance on benchmarks measuring areas from logical reasoning to mathematical ability. Ensembling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Kevin Gu , Eva Tuecke , Dmitriy Katz , Raya Horesh , David Alvarez-Melis , Mikhail Yurochkin

Previous work combines word-level and character-level representations using concatenation or scalar weighting, which is suboptimal for high-level tasks like reading comprehension. We present a fine-grained gating mechanism to dynamically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-09-13 Zhilin Yang , Bhuwan Dhingra , Ye Yuan , Junjie Hu , William W. Cohen , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

The CUTE benchmark showed that LLMs struggle with character understanding in English. We extend it to more languages with diverse scripts and writing systems, introducing EXECUTE. Our simplified framework allows easy expansion to any…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Lukas Edman , Helmut Schmid , Alexander Fraser

Korean-Chinese is a low resource language pair, but Korean and Chinese have a lot in common in terms of vocabulary. Sino-Korean words, which can be converted into corresponding Chinese characters, account for more than fifty of the entire…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-26 Jeonghyeok Park , Hai Zhao

Incorporating linguistic knowledge can improve scene text recognition, but it is questionable whether the same holds for scene text spotting, which typically involves text detection and recognition. This paper proposes a method that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Nguyen Nguyen , Yapeng Tian , Chenliang Xu

Sequence labeling architectures use word embeddings for capturing similarity, but suffer when handling previously unseen or rare words. We investigate character-level extensions to such models and propose a novel architecture for combining…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-11-15 Marek Rei , Gamal K. O. Crichton , Sampo Pyysalo

Learning to construct text representations in end-to-end systems can be difficult, as natural languages are highly compositional and task-specific annotated datasets are often limited in size. Methods for directly supervising language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-15 Marek Rei , Anders Søgaard

Many efforts have been devoted to develop alternative methods to traditional vector quantization in image domain such as sparse coding and soft-assignment. These approaches can be split into a dictionary learning phase and a feature…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2013-09-03 Xiaojiang Peng , Qiang Peng , Yu Qiao , Junzhou Chen , Mehtab Afzal

Document classification tasks were primarily tackled at word level. Recent research that works with character-level inputs shows several benefits over word-level approaches such as natural incorporation of morphemes and better handling of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-02-02 Yijun Xiao , Kyunghyun Cho

Words can be represented by composing the representations of subword units such as word segments, characters, and/or character n-grams. While such representations are effective and may capture the morphological regularities of words, they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-04-28 Clara Vania , Adam Lopez

We combine character-level and contextual language model representations to improve performance on Discourse Representation Structure parsing. Character representations can easily be added in a sequence-to-sequence model in either one…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Rik van Noord , Antonio Toral , Johan Bos

Short text classification (STC) remains a challenging task due to the scarcity of contextual information and labeled data. However, existing approaches have pre-dominantly focused on English because most benchmark datasets for the STC are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 JaeGeon Yoo , Byoungwook Kim , Yeongwook Yang , Hong-Jun Jang

Common Large Language model (LLM) evaluations rely on demonstration examples to steer models' responses to the desired style. While the number of examples used has been studied and standardized, the choice of how to format examples is less…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Jingtong Su , Jianyu Zhang , Karen Ullrich , Léon Bottou , Mark Ibrahim

The choice of modeling units is crucial for automatic speech recognition (ASR) tasks. In mandarin scenarios, the Chinese characters represent meaning but are not directly related to the pronunciation. Thus only considering the writing of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Yuting Yang , Binbin Du , Yuke Li

Character-based neural models have recently proven very useful for many NLP tasks. However, there is a gap of sophistication between methods for learning representations of sentences and words. While most character models for learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-31 Yingwei Xin , Ethan Hart , Vibhuti Mahajan , Jean-David Ruvini

Wav2vec 2.0 is an end-to-end framework of self-supervised learning for speech representation that is successful in automatic speech recognition (ASR), but most of the work on the topic has been developed with a single language: English.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Jounghee Kim , Pilsung Kang

We propose spoken sentence embeddings which capture both acoustic and linguistic content. While existing works operate at the character, phoneme, or word level, our method learns long-term dependencies by modeling speech at the sentence…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-02-22 Albert Haque , Michelle Guo , Prateek Verma , Li Fei-Fei

In this article, how word embeddings can be used as features in Chinese sentiment classification is presented. Firstly, a Chinese opinion corpus is built with a million comments from hotel review websites. Then the word embeddings which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-11-06 Yiou Lin , Hang Lei , Jia Wu , Xiaoyu Li

Despite the rapid development of large language models (LLMs) for the Korean language, there remains an obvious lack of benchmark datasets that test the requisite Korean cultural and linguistic knowledge. Because many existing Korean…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Eunsu Kim , Juyoung Suk , Philhoon Oh , Haneul Yoo , James Thorne , Alice Oh

This paper examines the Code-Switching (CS) phenomenon where two languages intertwine within a single utterance. There exists a noticeable need for research on the CS between English and Korean. We highlight that the current Equivalence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Jangyeong Jeon , Sangyeon Cho , Minuk Ma , Junyoung Kim