Related papers: Kirchhoff's Law Can Be Exact
Kirchhoff's Current Law is an essential tool in the design of circuits that operate very quickly, faster than nanoseconds. But Kirchhoff's current is often identified as the flow of particles. The continuity equation or the Maxwell-Ampere…
Our digital technology depends on mathematics to compute current flow and design its devices. Mathematics describes current flow by an idealization, Kirchhoff's current law. All the electrons that flow into a node flow out. This…
Kirchhoff's laws offer a general, straightforward approach to circuit analysis. Unfortunately, use of the laws becomes impractical for all but the simplest of circuits. This work presents a novel method of analyzing direct current resistor…
Maxwell defined a true or total current in a way not widely used today. He said "... true electric current ... is not the same thing as the current of conduction but that the time-variation of the electric displacement must be taken into…
A dielectric dilemma faces scientists because Maxwell's equations are poor approximations as usually written, with a single dielectric constant. Maxwell's equations are then not accurate enough to be useful in many applications involving…
What is the complex impedance of a fully coherent quantum resistance-capacitance (RC) circuit at GHz frequencies in which a resistor and a capacitor are connected in series? While Kirchhoff's laws predict addition of capacitor and resistor…
It is certain that electrical properties-whether slow (sec) or fast (nsec), even optical (fsec)-are described by Maxwell's equations, and there are terms that depend on the rate of change of the electric and magnetic fields. In particular,…
The electric current as the flux of current density -- a signed scalar, not a vector -- is inconsistent with the concept of the current direction, commonly invoked in the electric circuit analyses within, for example, Kirchhoff's current…
When a circular loop composed by a RLC is put to oscillate, the oscillation will eventually vanish in an exponentially decaying current, even considering superconducting wires, due to the emission of electric and magnetic dipole radiation.…
Direct current (DC) circuits are usually taught in upper-level physics curricula, and Kirchhoff's laws are stated and used to solve the steady-state currents. However, students are not often introduced to alternative techniques, such as…
Electricity plays a special role in our lives and life. Equations of electron dynamics are nearly exact and apply from nuclear particles to stars. These Maxwell equations include a special term the displacement current (of vacuum).…
Continuous-time Markov chains have been successful in modelling systems across numerous fields, with currents being fundamental entities that describe the flows of energy, particles, individuals, chemical species, information, or other…
Conservation of current and conservation of charge are nearly the same thing: when enough is known about charge movement, conservation of current can be derived from conservation of charge, in ideal dielectrics, for example. Conservation of…
Schr\"odinger equation with given, {\it a priori} known current is formulated. A non-zero current density is maintained in the quantum system via a subsidiary condition imposed by vector, local Lagrange multiplier. Constrained minimization…
The devices coil and transformer are subjects of interest in numerous schoolbooks, in introductory scientific textbooks of physics and engineering, and in laboratory courses at universities. Many descriptions, however, draw a somewhat…
In 1857, Kirchhoff published two seminal papers on the motion of electricity in wires. In that work, he was the first to derive what we now call the telegrapher`s equations, which describes the propagation of electromagnetic signals along a…
Kirchhoff's law provides a relation between the incident fields a structure can absorb and those it thermally emits. It is generally formulated as a relation between the angle-dependent emissivity and absorptivity of a structure. In this…
Levy distributions are involved in many physical phenomenon. The purpose of our study is to understand metal insulator transitions in composite systems using the above distributions. The exact method (EM) based on the calculation of…
It is commonly believed that the current response of an electron fluid to a mechanical force (such as an electric field) or to a ``statistical force" (e.g., a gradient of chemical potential) are governed by a single linear transport…
This article studies Markovian stochastic motion of a particle on a graph with finite number of nodes and periodically time-dependent transition rates that satisfy the detailed balance condition at any time. We show that under general…