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In real-world scenarios, where knowledge distributions exhibit long-tail. Humans manage to master knowledge uniformly across imbalanced distributions, a feat attributed to their diligent practices of reviewing, summarizing, and correcting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-16 Qihao Zhao , Yalun Dai , Shen Lin , Wei Hu , Fan Zhang , Jun Liu

This paper proposes a novel formulation for reinforcement learning (RL) with large language models, explaining why and under what conditions the true sequence-level reward can be optimized via a surrogate token-level objective in policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Chujie Zheng , Kai Dang , Bowen Yu , Mingze Li , Huiqiang Jiang , Junrong Lin , Yuqiong Liu , Hao Lin , Chencan Wu , Feng Hu , An Yang , Jingren Zhou , Junyang Lin

Modern recommender systems struggle to effectively utilize the rich, yet high-dimensional and noisy, multi-modal features generated by Large Language Models (LLMs). Treating these features as static inputs decouples them from the core…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Jiahao Tian , Zhenkai Wang

Session-based Recommendation (SR) systems have recently achieved considerable success, yet their complex, "black box" nature often obscures why certain recommendations are made. Existing explanation methods struggle to pinpoint truly…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Han Zhou , Hui Fang , Zhu Sun , Wentao Hu

Model-based reinforcement learning (RL) has proven to be a data efficient approach for learning control tasks but is difficult to utilize in domains with complex observations such as images. In this paper, we present a method for learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-25 Marvin Zhang , Sharad Vikram , Laura Smith , Pieter Abbeel , Matthew J. Johnson , Sergey Levine

This paper studies satisfaction of temporal properties on unknown stochastic processes that have continuous state spaces. We show how reinforcement learning (RL) can be applied for computing policies that are finite-memory and deterministic…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-29 Milad Kazemi , Sadegh Soudjani

Recommender Systems are becoming ubiquitous in many settings and take many forms, from product recommendation in e-commerce stores, to query suggestions in search engines, to friend recommendation in social networks. Current research…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-09-17 David Rohde , Stephen Bonner , Travis Dunlop , Flavian Vasile , Alexandros Karatzoglou

Practical recommender systems need be periodically retrained to refresh the model with new interaction data. To pursue high model fidelity, it is usually desirable to retrain the model on both historical and new data, since it can account…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-01-15 Yang Zhang , Fuli Feng , Chenxu Wang , Xiangnan He , Meng Wang , Yan Li , Yongdong Zhang

There are great interests as well as many challenges in applying reinforcement learning (RL) to recommendation systems. In this setting, an online user is the environment; neither the reward function nor the environment dynamics are clearly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-03 Xinshi Chen , Shuang Li , Hui Li , Shaohua Jiang , Yuan Qi , Le Song

Reinforcement learning (RL) has recently been introduced to interactive recommender systems (IRS) because of its nature of learning from dynamic interactions and planning for long-run performance. As IRS is always with thousands of items to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-15 Haokun Chen , Xinyi Dai , Han Cai , Weinan Zhang , Xuejian Wang , Ruiming Tang , Yuzhou Zhang , Yong Yu

Given an input query, a recommendation model is trained using user feedback data (e.g., click data) to output a ranked list of items. In real-world systems, besides accuracy, an important consideration for a new model is novelty of its…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Amit Sharma , Hua Li , Xue Li , Jian Jiao

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in utilizing reinforcement learning (RL) to optimize long-term rewards in recommender systems. Since industrial recommender systems are typically designed as multi-stage systems, RL methods…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-01-15 Gengrui Zhang , Yao Wang , Xiaoshuang Chen , Hongyi Qian , Kaiqiao Zhan , Ben Wang

Deep neural networks have achieved significant improvements in information retrieval (IR). However, most existing models are computational costly and can not efficiently scale to long documents. This paper proposes a novel End-to-End neural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-13 Chen Zheng , Yu Sun , Shengxian Wan , Dianhai Yu

A hallmark of modern large-scale machine learning techniques is the use of training objectives that provide dense supervision to intermediate computations, such as teacher forcing the next token in language models or denoising step-by-step…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Bhavya Agrawalla , Michal Nauman , Khush Agrawal , Aviral Kumar

Proactive Recommender Systems (PRSs) aim to guide user preference shift toward target items by generating paths of intermediate recommendations. Reinforcement learning (RL) provides a principled framework for optimizing such sequential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Hongru Hou , Tiehua Mei , Denghui Geng , Jinhui Huang , Ao Xu , Hengrui Chen , Jiaqing Liang , Deqing Yang

In this paper, a unified framework for exploration in reinforcement learning (RL) is proposed based on an option-critic model. The proposed framework learns to integrate a set of diverse exploration strategies so that the agent can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Woojun Kim , Jeonghye Kim , Youngchul Sung

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a key paradigm for aligning and optimizing large language models (LLMs). Standard approaches treat the LLM as the policy and apply RL directly over the full vocabulary space. However, this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Jing-Cheng Pang , Liang Lu , Xian Tang , Kun Jiang , Sijie Wu , Kai Zhang , Xubin Li

Reinforcement Learning-based recommender systems (RLRS) offer an effective way to handle sequential recommendation tasks but often face difficulties in real-world settings, where user feedback data can be sub-optimal or sparse. In this…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Xiaocong Chen , Siyu Wang , Lina Yao

Reinforcement learning is a powerful framework for robots to acquire skills from experience, but often requires a substantial amount of online data collection. As a result, it is difficult to collect sufficiently diverse experiences that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-08 Karl Schmeckpeper , Oleh Rybkin , Kostas Daniilidis , Sergey Levine , Chelsea Finn

We propose a reinforcement learning (RL) framework for multi-objective decision-making, where the agent seeks to optimize a vector of rewards rather than a single scalar value. The objective is to ensure that the time-averaged reward vector…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-18 Rahul Misra , Manuela L. Bujorianu , Rafał Wisniewski