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Graph neural networks (GNNs) have limited expressive power, failing to represent many graph classes correctly. While more expressive graph representation learning (GRL) alternatives can distinguish some of these classes, they are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Leonardo Cotta , Christopher Morris , Bruno Ribeiro

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have become a standard approach for learning from graph-structured data. However, their reliance on parametric classifiers (most often linear softmax layers) limits interpretability and sometimes hinders…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zeljko Bolevic , Milos Brajovic , Isidora Stankovic , Ljubisa Stankovic

It is well established that spectral graph neural networks (GNNs) can universally approximate node signals; however, their expressive power remains bounded by the 1-dimensional Weisfeiler-Lehman test, which is mirrored in their lack of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Xiaohan Wang , Deyu Bo , Longlong Li , Kelin Xia

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have been shown to replicate convolutional neural networks' (CNNs) superior performance in many problems involving graphs. By replacing regular convolutions with linear shift-invariant graph filters (LSI-GFs),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-12 Luana Ruiz , Fernando Gama , Antonio G. Marques , Alejandro Ribeiro

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have exploded onto the machine learning scene in recent years owing to their capability to model and learn from graph-structured data. Such an ability has strong implications in a wide variety of fields whose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-26 Sergi Abadal , Akshay Jain , Robert Guirado , Jorge López-Alonso , Eduard Alarcón

We propose a novel benchmarking methodology for graph neural networks (GNNs) based on the graph alignment problem, a combinatorial optimization task that generalizes graph isomorphism by aligning two unlabeled graphs to maximize overlapping…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Adrien Lagesse , Marc Lelarge

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are the predominant approach for graph-based machine learning. While neural networks have shown great performance at learning useful representations, they are often criticized for their limited high-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Markus Zopf , Francesco Alesiani

We aim to deepen the theoretical understanding of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) on large graphs, with a focus on their expressive power. Existing analyses relate this notion to the graph isomorphism problem, which is mostly relevant for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Nicolas Keriven , Samuel Vaiter

The expressive power of message passing GNNs is upper-bounded by Weisfeiler-Lehman (WL) test. To achieve high expressive GNNs beyond WL test, we propose a novel graph isomorphism test method, namely Twin-WL, which simultaneously passes node…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-23 Zhaohui Wang , Qi Cao , Huawei Shen , Bingbing Xu , Xueqi Cheng

Graph neural networks (GNNs) can effectively model structural information of graphs, making them widely used in knowledge graph (KG) reasoning. However, existing studies on the expressive power of GNNs mainly focuses on simple…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Han Yu , Xiaojuan Zhao , Aiping Li , Kai Chen , Ziniu Liu , Zhichao Peng

We propose and study Hierarchical Ego Graph Neural Networks (HEGNNs), an expressive extension of graph neural networks (GNNs) with hierarchical node individualization, inspired by the Individualization-Refinement paradigm for isomorphism…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Arie Soeteman , Balder ten Cate

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have demonstrated a significant boost in prediction performance on graph data. At the same time, the predictions made by these models are often hard to interpret. In that regard, many efforts have been made to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Yiqiao Li , Jianlong Zhou , Sunny Verma , Fang Chen

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have emerged as a flexible and powerful approach for learning over graphs. Despite this success, existing GNNs are constrained by their local message-passing architecture and are provably limited in their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Rajat Talak , Siyi Hu , Lisa Peng , Luca Carlone

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have been extensively developed for graph representation learning in various application domains. However, similar to all other neural networks models, GNNs suffer from the black-box problem as people cannot…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Peibo Li , Yixing Yang , Maurice Pagnucco , Yang Song

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are recently proposed neural network structures for the processing of graph-structured data. Due to their employed neighbor aggregation strategy, existing GNNs focus on capturing node-level information and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-05 Xing Ai , Chengyu Sun , Zhihong Zhang , Edwin R Hancock

In this article we present new results about the expressivity of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). We prove that for any GNN with piecewise polynomial activations, whose architecture size does not grow with the graph input sizes, there exists a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Sammy Khalife , Amitabh Basu

We investigate the enhancement of graph neural networks' (GNNs) representation power through their ability in substructure counting. Recent advances have seen the adoption of subgraph GNNs, which partition an input graph into numerous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Zuoyu Yan , Junru Zhou , Liangcai Gao , Zhi Tang , Muhan Zhang

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have recently emerged as a robust framework for graph-structured data. They have been applied to many problems such as knowledge graph analysis, social networks recommendation, and even Covid19 detection and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-01-04 Thanh-Dat Nguyen , Thanh Le-Cong , ThanhVu H. Nguyen , Xuan-Bach D. Le , Quyet-Thang Huynh

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have emerged as a powerful category of learning architecture for handling graph-structured data. However, existing GNNs typically ignore crucial structural characteristics in node-induced subgraphs, which thus…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Kaixuan Chen , Shunyu Liu , Tongtian Zhu , Tongya Zheng , Haofei Zhang , Zunlei Feng , Jingwen Ye , Mingli Song

The ability of a graph neural network (GNN) to leverage both the graph topology and graph labels is fundamental to building discriminative node and graph embeddings. Building on previous work, we theoretically show that edGNN, our model for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-05 Guillaume Jaume , An-phi Nguyen , María Rodríguez Martínez , Jean-Philippe Thiran , Maria Gabrani