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In this paper, we obtain a q-exponential generating function for inversions on parking functions via symmetric function theory and also through a direct bijection to rooted labeled forests. We then apply these techniques to unit interval…

We consider the notion of classical parking functions by introducing randomness and a new parking protocol, as inspired by the work presented in the paper ``Parking Functions: Choose your own adventure,'' (arXiv:2001.04817) by Carlson,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-11-02 Irfan Durmić , Alex Han , Pamela E. Harris , Rodrigo Ribeiro , Mei Yin

Parking functions are well researched and interesting results are found in the listed references and more. Some introductory results stemming from application to degree sequences of simple connected graphs are provided in this paper.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-09-16 Johan Kok

Parking plays a central role in transport policies and has wide-ranging consequences: While the average time spent searching for parking exceeds dozens of hours per driver every year in many Western cities, the associated cruising traffic…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-01-09 Nilankur Dutta , Thibault Charlottin , Alexandre Nicolas

A path graph is the intersection graph of paths in a tree. A directed path graph is the intersection graph of paths in a directed tree. Even if path graphs and directed path graphs are characterized very similarly, their recognition…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Lorenzo Balzotti

Interval parking functions are a generalization of parking functions in which cars have an interval preference for their parking. We generalize this definition to parking functions with $n$ cars and $m\geq n$ parking spots, which we call…

In this expository article I describe classical results in the combinatorics of parking functions. Its English-Spanish translation is included. -- -- En este art\'iculo de difusi\'on matem\'atica describo resultados cl\'asicos en la…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2024-04-25 J. Carlos Martínez Mori

Parking problems derive from works in combinatorics by Konheim and Weiss in the 1960s. In a memorable contribution, Lackner and Panholzer (2016) studied parking on a random tree and established a phase transition for this process when \(m…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-05-23 Andrej Srakar

This paper studies a generalization of parking functions named $k$-Naples parking functions, where backward movement is allowed. One consequence of backward movement is that the number of ascending $k$-Naples is not the same as the number…

Parking functions are a widely studied class of combinatorial objects, with connections to several branches of mathematics. On the algebraic side, parking functions can be identified with the standard monomials of $M_n$, a certain monomial…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-08-27 Anton Dochtermann , Westin King

For a given function from a set to itself, we can define a directed graph called the functional graph, where the vertices are the elements of the set, and the edges are all the pairs of inputs and outputs for the function. In this article…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-23 Tadahisa Nara

For a connected graph $G$ with sink vertex $q$, a $G$-parking function is a vector of nonnegative integers whose entries are determined by cut-sets in $G$. Such objects also arise as the superstable configurations in the context of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-14 Timothy Blanton , Anton Dochtermann , Isabelle Hong , SuHo Oh , Zhan Zhan

We illustrate the experimental, empirical, approach to mathematics (that contrary to popular belief, is often rigorous), by using parking functions and their "area" statistic, as a case study. Our methods are purely finitistic and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-06-08 Yukun Yao , Doron Zeilberger

Unit-interval parking functions are subset of parking functions in which cars park at most one spot away from their preferred parking spot. In this paper, we characterize unit-interval parking functions by understanding how they decompose…

Searching for a parking spot can waste time and gasoline. This waste can be reduced by assigning drivers to parking lots based on their destination and arrival time. In such a system, drivers could request a parking spot in advance and be…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-07-14 Nicole Taheri , Jia Yuan Yu , Robert Shorten

Parking guidance systems have recently become a popular trend as a part of the smart cities' paradigm of development. The crucial part of such systems is the algorithm allowing drivers to search for available parking lots across regions of…

We recall that a parking function of length $n+1$ is said to be prime if removing any instance of 1 yields a parking function of length $n$. In this article, we study prime parking functions from multiple lenses. We derive an explicit…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-29 Pamela E. Harris , Selvi Kara , Erin McNicholas , Kathryn Nyman , Mei Yin

We recall that the $k$-Naples parking functions of length $n$ (a generalization of parking functions) are defined by requiring that a car which finds its preferred spot occupied must first back up a spot at a time (up to $k$ spots) before…

The parking issue is central in transport policies and drivers' concerns, but the determinants of the parking search time remain relatively poorly understood. The question is often handled in a fairly ad hoc way, or by resorting to crude…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-04-12 Léo Bulckaen , Nilankur Dutta , Alexandre Nicolas

Suppose that $n$ drivers each choose a preferred parking space in a linear car park with $m$ spaces. Each driver goes to the chosen space and parks there if it is free, and otherwise takes the first available space with larger number (if…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2008-07-08 Peter J. Cameron , Daniel Johannsen , Thomas Prellberg , Pascal Schweitzer