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The disorder and a simple convex measure of complexity are studied for rank ordered power law distributions, indicative of criticality, in the case where the total number of ranks is large. It is found that a power law distribution may…

adap-org · Physics 2007-05-23 J. S. Shiner

The Open Source Software movement has been growing exponentially for a number of years with no signs of slowing. Driving this growth is the widespread availability of libraries and frameworks that provide many functionalities. Developers…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Stan Zajdel , Diego Elias Costa , Hafedh Mili

Software repositories are an essential source of information for software engineering research on topics such as project evolution and developer collaboration. Appropriate mining tools and analysis pipelines are therefore an indispensable…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Nicole Hoess , Carlos Paradis , Rick Kazman , Wolfgang Mauerer

If managers assume a normal or near-normal distribution of Information Technology (IT) project cost overruns, as is common, and cost overruns can be shown to follow a power-law distribution, managers may be unwittingly exposing their…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-10-05 Bent Flyvbjerg , Alexander Budzier , Jong Seok Lee , Mark Keil , Daniel Lunn , Dirk W. Bester

Software security has been an important research topic over the years. The community has proposed processes and tools for secure software development and security analysis. However, a significant number of vulnerabilities remains in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Steven Arzt , Linda Schreiber , Dominik Appelt

Power laws are a characteristic distribution that are ubiquitous, in that they are found almost everywhere, in both natural as well as in man-made systems. They tend to emerge in large, connected and self-organizing systems, for example,…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2020-11-19 Sumit Kumar Banshal , Aparna Basu , Vivek Kumar Singh , Solanki Gupta , Pranab K. Muhuri

Modeling distributions of citations to scientific papers is crucial for understanding how science develops. However, there is a considerable empirical controversy on which statistical model fits the citation distributions best. This paper…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2014-02-18 Michal Brzezinski

Power law distributions have been found in many natural and social phenomena, and more recently in the source code and run-time characteristics of Object-Oriented (OO) systems. A power law implies that small values are extremely common,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Richard Wheeldon , Steve Counsell

GitHub is the largest code hosting platform, with millions of repositories spanning multiple technologies. Despite this, little is known about the actual contents of GitHub's repositories in the wild. This paper presents an initial…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Andre Hora , João Eduardo Montandon , Diego Elias Costa

The question how complex systems become more organized and efficient with time is open. Examples are, the formation of elementary particles from pure energy, the formation of atoms from particles, the formation of stars and galaxies, the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2017-01-17 Georgi Georgiev , Atanu Chatterjee , Germano Iannacchione

In collaborative software development, multiple contributors frequently change the source code in parallel to implement new features, fix bugs, refactor existing code, and make other changes. These simultaneous changes need to be merged…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Andre Oliveira , Vania Neves , Alexandre Plastino , Ana Carla Bibiano , Alessandro Garcia , Leonardo Murta

Machine programming (MP) is an emerging field at the intersection of deterministic and probabilistic computing, and it aims to assist software and hardware engineers, among other applications. Along with powerful compute resources, MP…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Niranjan Hasabnis

We study how open source communities describe participation and control through version controlled governance documents. Using a corpus of 710 projects with paired snapshots, we parse text into actors, rules, actions, and objects, then…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Mobina Noori , Mahasweta Chakraborti , Amy X Zhang , Seth Frey

Over the last decades, impressive progresses have been made in many experimental domains, e.g. microscopic techniques such as single-particle tracking, leading to plethoric amounts of data. In a large variety of systems, from natural to…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-06-03 Xavier Durang , Hyerim Ahn , Jae Youn Shim , Hye Yoon Park , Jae-Hyung Jeon

Source code repositories allow developers to manage multiple versions (or branches) of a software system. Pull-requests are used to modify a branch, and backporting is a regular activity used to port changes from a current development…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-11 Debasish Chakroborti , Kevin A. Schneider , Chanchal K. Roy

In this study we are testing whether the power law slopes ($\alpha_F$, $\alpha_E$) of fluxes $(F)$, fluences or energies $(E)$ are universal in their size distributions, $N(F) \propto F^{-\alpha_F}$ and $N(E) \propto E^{-\alpha_E}$, in…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-12-05 Markus Aschwanden , Ersin Gogus

Version control systems for source code, such as Git, are key tools in modern software development environments. Many developers use online services, such as GitHub or GitLab, for collaborative software development. While software projects…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Alexander Krause , Jan H. Klemmer , Nicolas Huaman , Dominik Wermke , Yasemin Acar , Sascha Fahl

Software evolution is a fundamental process that transcends the realm of technical artifacts and permeates the entire organizational structure of a software project. By means of a longitudinal empirical study of 18 large open-source…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-10-20 Mitchell Joblin , Sven Apel , Wolfgang Mauerer

Millions of developers share their code on open-source platforms like GitHub, which offer social coding opportunities such as distributed collaboration and popularity-based ranking. Software engineering researchers have joined in as well,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Kamel Alrashedy , Ahmed Binjahlan

One of the first steps to understand and forecast economic downturns is identifying their frequency distribution, but it remains uncertain. This problem is common in phenomena displaying power-law-like distributions. Power laws play a…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2013-10-10 Salvador Pueyo