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Deep learning based knowledge tracing model has been shown to outperform traditional knowledge tracing model without the need for human-engineered features, yet its parameters and representations have long been criticized for not being…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-29 Chun-Kit Yeung

Dynamic Item Response Models extend the standard Item Response Theory (IRT) to capture temporal dynamics in learner ability. While these models have the potential to allow instructional systems to actively monitor the evolution of learner…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Yunsung Kim , Sreechan Sankaranarayanan , Chris Piech , Candace Thille

Item response theory (IRT) is a class of interpretable factor models that are widely used in computerized adaptive tests (CATs), such as language proficiency tests. Traditionally, these are fit using parametric mixed effects models on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-16 James Sharpnack , Phoebe Mulcaire , Klinton Bicknell , Geoff LaFlair , Kevin Yancey

Item Response Theory (IRT) is a well known method for assessing responses from humans in education and psychology. In education, IRT is used to infer student abilities and characteristics of test items from student responses. Interactions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Antti Keurulainen , Isak Westerlund , Oskar Keurulainen , Andrew Howes

Item Response Theory (IRT) is a popular assessment method used in education measurement, which builds on an assumption of a probability framework connecting students' innate ability and their actual performances on test items. The model…

Physics Education · Physics 2015-05-19 Jing Wang , Lei Bao

Item Response Theory becomes an increasingly important tool when analyzing ``Big Data'' gathered from online educational venues. However, the mechanism was originally developed in traditional exam settings, and several of its assumptions…

Physics Education · Physics 2014-05-29 Gerd Kortemeyer

Item Response Theory (IRT) was originally developed in traditional exam settings, and it has been shown that the model does not readily transfer to formative assessment in the form of online homework. We investigate if this is mostly due to…

Physics Education · Physics 2015-03-24 Emre Gönülateş , Gerd Kortemeyer

Item response theory (IRT) has become one of the most popular statistical models for psychometrics, a field of study concerned with the theory and techniques of psychological measurement. The IRT models are latent factor models tailored to…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-20 Yunxiao Chen , Xiaoou Li , Jingchen Liu , Zhiliang Ying

Item Response Theory (IRT) has been proposed within the field of Educational Psychometrics to assess student ability as well as test question difficulty and discrimination power. More recently, IRT has been applied to evaluate machine…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-08-01 Sevvandi Kandanaarachchi , Kate Smith-Miles

Evaluating models and datasets in computer vision remains a challenging task, with most leaderboards relying solely on accuracy. While accuracy is a popular metric for model evaluation, it provides only a coarse assessment by considering a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Rahul Ramachandran , Tejal Kulkarni , Charchit Sharma , Deepak Vijaykeerthy , Vineeth N Balasubramanian

Assessment of proficiency of the learner is an essential part of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS). We use Item Response Theory (IRT) in computer-aided language learning for assessment of student ability in two contexts: in test sessions,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Jue Hou , Anisia Katinskaia , Anh-Duc Vu , Roman Yangarber

Estimating student proficiency is an important task for computer based learning systems. We compare a family of IRT-based proficiency estimation methods to Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT), a recently proposed recurrent neural network model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-05-24 Kevin H. Wilson , Yan Karklin , Bojian Han , Chaitanya Ekanadham

Traditional methods for determining assessment item parameters, such as difficulty and discrimination, rely heavily on expensive field testing to collect student performance data for Item Response Theory (IRT) calibration. This study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Christopher Ormerod

Humans can progressively learn visual concepts from easy to hard questions. To mimic this efficient learning ability, we propose a competence-aware curriculum for visual concept learning in a question-answering manner. Specifically, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-29 Qing Li , Siyuan Huang , Yining Hong , Song-Chun Zhu

Although fundamental to the advancement of Machine Learning, the classic evaluation metrics extracted from the confusion matrix, such as precision and F1, are limited. Such metrics only offer a quantitative view of the models' performance,…

Item response theory (IRT) models have been widely used in educational measurement testing. When there are repeated observations available for individuals through time, a dynamic structure for the latent trait of ability needs to be…

Applications · Statistics 2013-04-17 Xiaojing Wang , James O. Berger , Donald S. Burdick

Item Response Theory (IRT) aims to assess latent abilities of respondents based on the correctness of their answers in aptitude test items with different difficulty levels. In this paper, we propose the $\beta^3$-IRT model, which models…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-06-04 Yu Chen , Telmo Silva Filho , Ricardo B. C. Prudêncio , Tom Diethe , Peter Flach

Computerized adaptive tests (CATs) play a crucial role in educational assessment and diagnostic screening in behavioral health. Unlike traditional linear tests that administer a fixed set of pre-assembled items, CATs adaptively tailor the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-11 Jiguang Li , Robert Gibbons , Veronika Rockova

Item Response Theory (IRT) models aim to assess latent abilities of $n$ examinees along with latent difficulty characteristics of $m$ test items from categorical data that indicates the quality of their corresponding answers. Classical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Susanne Frick , Amer Krivošija , Alexander Munteanu

Item (question) difficulties play a crucial role in educational assessments, enabling accurate and efficient assessment of student abilities and personalization to maximize learning outcomes. Traditionally, estimating item difficulties can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Alexander Scarlatos , Nigel Fernandez , Christopher Ormerod , Susan Lottridge , Andrew Lan
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