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Real-Time Bidding is a new Internet advertising system that has become very popular in recent years. This system works like a global auction where advertisers bid to display their impressions in the publishers' ad slots. The most popular…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Luis Miralles-Pechuán , Fernando Jiménez , José Manuel García

Real-time Bidding (RTB) advertisers wish to \textit{know in advance} the expected cost and yield of ad campaigns to avoid trial-and-error expenses. However, Campaign Performance Forecasting (CPF), a sequence modeling task involving tens of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-20 XiaoYu Wang , YongHui Guo , Hui Sheng , Peili Lv , Chi Zhou , Wei Huang , ShiQin Ta , Dongbo Huang , XiuJin Yang , Lan Xu , Hao Zhou , Yusheng Ji

Over the past decade, programmatic advertising has received a great deal of attention in the online advertising industry. A real-time bidding (RTB) system is rapidly becoming the most popular method to buy and sell online advertising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-29 Ido Zehori , Nevo Itzhak , Yuval Shahar , Mia Dor Schiller

While it is relatively easy to start an online advertising campaign, obtaining a high Key Performance Indicator (KPI) can be challenging. A large body of work on this subject has already been performed and platforms known as DSPs are…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-08-10 Gianluca Micchi , Saeid Soheily-Khah , Jacob Turner

Digital advertising platforms operate millisecond-level auctions through Real-Time Bidding (RTB) systems, where advertisers compete for ad impressions through algorithmic bids. This dynamic mechanism enables precise audience targeting but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Pusen Dong , Chenglong Cao , Xinyu Zhou , Jirong You , Linhe Xu , Feifan Xu , Shuo Yuan

We study and formulate arbitrage in display advertising. Real-Time Bidding (RTB) mimics stock spot exchanges and utilises computers to algorithmically buy display ads per impression via a real-time auction. Despite the new automation, the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2015-06-15 Weinan Zhang , Jun Wang

Auto-bidding systems are widely used in advertising to automatically determine bid values under constraints such as total budget and Return-on-Spend (RoS) targets. Existing works often assume that the value of an ad impression, such as the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jiale Han , Chun Gan , Chengcheng Zhang , Jie He , Zhangang Lin , Ching Law , Xiaowu Dai

In digital online advertising, advertisers procure ad impressions simultaneously on multiple platforms, or so-called channels, such as Google Ads, Meta Ads Manager, etc., each of which consists of numerous ad auctions. We study how an…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Yuan Deng , Negin Golrezaei , Patrick Jaillet , Jason Cheuk Nam Liang , Vahab Mirrokni

In this study, we apply reinforcement learning techniques and propose what we call reinforcement mechanism design to tackle the dynamic pricing problem in sponsored search auctions. In contrast to previous game-theoretical approaches that…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-11-29 Weiran Shen , Binghui Peng , Hanpeng Liu , Michael Zhang , Ruohan Qian , Yan Hong , Zhi Guo , Zongyao Ding , Pengjun Lu , Pingzhong Tang

In online advertising markets, budget-constrained advertisers acquire ad placements through repeated bidding in auctions on various platforms. We present a strategy for bidding optimally in a set of auctions that may or may not be…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Fransisca Susan , Negin Golrezaei , Okke Schrijvers

Demand Response (DR) has a widely recognized potential for improving grid stability and reliability while reducing customers energy bills. However, the conventional DR techniques come with several shortcomings, such as inability to handle…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-24 Amin Shojaeighadikolaei , Arman Ghasemi , Kailani R. Jones , Alexandru G. Bardas , Morteza Hashemi , Reza Ahmadi

We consider the problem of bidding in online advertising, where an advertiser aims to maximize value while adhering to budget and Return-on-Spend (RoS) constraints. Unlike prior work that assumes knowledge of the value generated by winning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Sushant Vijayan , Zhe Feng , Swati Padmanabhan , Karthikeyan Shanmugam , Arun Suggala , Di Wang

We study problems arising in real-time auction markets, common in e-commerce and computational advertising, where bidders face the problem of calculating optimal bids. We focus upon a contract management problem where a demand aggregator is…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Ryan J. Kinnear , Ravi R. Mazumdar , Peter Marbach

This paper studies the static economic optimization problem of a system with a single aggregator and multiple prosumers in a Real-Time Balancing Market (RTBM). The aggregator, as the agent responsible for portfolio balancing, needs to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-04-28 Koorosh Shomalzadeh , Jacquelien M. A. Scherpen , M. Kanat Camlibel

In this paper, we initiate the study of the multiplicative bidding language adopted by major Internet search companies. In multiplicative bidding, the effective bid on a particular search auction is the product of a base bid and bid…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-04-29 MohammadHossein Bateni , Jon Feldman , Vahab Mirrokni , Sam Chiu-wai Wong

Traditional auction theory posits that bid value exhibits a positive correlation with the probability of securing the auctioned object in ascending auctions. However, under uncertainty and incomplete information, as is characteristic in…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-12-19 Dipankar Das

We propose a new Markov Decision Process (MDP) model for ad auctions to capture the user response to the quality of ads, with the objective of maximizing the long-term discounted revenue. By incorporating user response, our model takes into…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Yang Cai , Zhe Feng , Christopher Liaw , Aranyak Mehta , Grigoris Velegkas

Online advertising in E-commerce platforms provides sellers an opportunity to achieve potential audiences with different target goals. Ad serving systems (like display and search advertising systems) that assign ads to pages should satisfy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-09 Chao Wei , Weiru Zhang , Shengjie Sun , Fei Li , Xiaonan Meng , Yi Hu , Hao Wang

Calibration is defined as the ratio of the average predicted click rate to the true click rate. The optimization of calibration is essential to many online advertising recommendation systems because it directly affects the downstream bids…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Yewen Fan , Nian Si , Kun Zhang

Over the past decade, bidding in power markets has attracted widespread attention. Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been widely used for power market bidding as a powerful AI tool to make decisions under real-world uncertainties. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Jinyu Liu , Hongye Guo , Yun Li , Qinghu Tang , Fuquan Huang , Tunan Chen , Haiwang Zhong , Qixin Chen