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Machine learning has played an important role in information retrieval (IR) in recent times. In search engines, for example, query keywords are accepted and documents are returned in order of relevance to the given query; this can be cast…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-02-13 Tatsuhiro Aoshima , Kei Kobayashi , Mihoko Minami

We address the task of hierarchical multi-label classification (HMC) of scientific documents at an industrial scale, where hundreds of thousands of documents must be classified across thousands of dynamic labels. The rapid growth of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Seyed Amin Tabatabaei , Sarah Fancher , Michael Parsons , Arian Askari

Effectively modeling text-rich fresh content such as news articles at document-level is a challenging problem. To ensure a content-based model generalize well to a broad range of applications, it is critical to have a training dataset that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Jialu Liu , Tianqi Liu , Cong Yu

Although BERT is widely used by the NLP community, little is known about its inner workings. Several attempts have been made to shed light on certain aspects of BERT, often with contradicting conclusions. A much raised concern focuses on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Nikolaos Manginas , Ilias Chalkidis , Prodromos Malakasiotis

We present the Massive Legal Embedding Benchmark (MLEB), the largest, most diverse, and most comprehensive open-source benchmark for legal information retrieval to date. MLEB consists of ten expert-annotated datasets spanning multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Umar Butler , Abdur-Rahman Butler , Adrian Lucas Malec

Extreme Multi-label Text Classification (XMC) involves learning a classifier that can assign an input with a subset of most relevant labels from millions of label choices. Recent approaches, such as XR-Transformer and LightXML, leverage a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-03 Siddhant Kharbanda , Atmadeep Banerjee , Erik Schultheis , Rohit Babbar

In the context of Extreme Multi-label Text Classification (XMTC), where labels are assigned to text instances from a large label space, the long-tail distribution of labels presents a significant challenge. Labels can be broadly categorized…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Celso França , Gestefane Rabbi , Thiago Salles , Washington Cunha , Leonardo Rocha , Marcos André Gonçalves

The propensity model introduced by Jain et al. 2016 has become a standard approach for dealing with missing and long-tail labels in extreme multi-label classification (XMLC). In this paper, we critically revise this approach showing that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-28 Erik Schultheis , Marek Wydmuch , Rohit Babbar , Krzysztof Dembczyński

Text classification is an important task in Natural Language Processing (NLP), where the goal is to categorize text data into predefined classes. In this study, we analyse the dataset creation steps and evaluation techniques of multi-label…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Elmurod Kuriyozov , Ulugbek Salaev , Sanatbek Matlatipov , Gayrat Matlatipov

In this study, we compared the performance of four different methods for multi label text classification using a specific imbalanced business dataset. The four methods we evaluated were fine tuned BERT, Binary Relevance, Classifier Chains,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Muhammad Arslan , Christophe Cruz

We consider the extreme multi-label text classification (XMC) problem: given an input text, return the most relevant labels from a large label collection. For example, the input text could be a product description on Amazon.com and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-25 Wei-Cheng Chang , Hsiang-Fu Yu , Kai Zhong , Yiming Yang , Inderjit Dhillon

Legal texts, characterized by complex and specialized terminology, present a significant challenge for Language Models. Adding an underrepresented language, such as Spanish, to the mix makes it even more challenging. While pre-trained…

Extreme classification tasks are multi-label tasks with an extremely large number of labels (tags). These tasks are hard because the label space is usually (i) very large, e.g. thousands or millions of labels, (ii) very sparse, i.e. very…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-04 Elham J. Barezi , Iacer Calixto , Kyunghyun Cho , Pascale Fung

In multi-label text classification, each textual document can be assigned with one or more labels. Due to this nature, the multi-label text classification task is often considered to be more challenging compared to the binary or multi-class…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-07-02 Jingcheng Du , Qingyu Chen , Yifan Peng , Yang Xiang , Cui Tao , Zhiyong Lu

Cross-lingual text classification(CLTC) is the task of classifying documents written in different languages into the same taxonomy of categories. This paper presents a novel approach to CLTC that builds on model distillation, which adapts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-03-29 Ruochen Xu , Yiming Yang

Modeling law search and retrieval as prediction problems has recently emerged as a predominant approach in law intelligence. Focusing on the law article retrieval task, we present a deep learning framework named LamBERTa, which is designed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Andrea Tagarelli , Andrea Simeri

Legal documents pose unique challenges for text classification due to their domain-specific language and often limited labeled data. This paper proposes a hybrid approach for classifying legal texts by combining unsupervised topic and graph…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-03 Deepak Bastola , Woohyeok Choi

Multi-label text classification (MLTC) aims to assign multiple labels to each sample in the dataset. The labels usually have internal correlations. However, traditional methods tend to ignore the correlations between labels. In order to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-11 Pengcheng Yang , Shuming Ma , Yi Zhang , Junyang Lin , Qi Su , Xu Sun

In this paper a high speed neural network classifier based on extreme learning machines for multi-label classification problem is proposed and dis-cussed. Multi-label classification is a superset of traditional binary and multi-class…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-09-06 Meng Joo Er , Rajasekar Venkatesan , Ning Wang

Training deep learning models with limited labelled data is an attractive scenario for many NLP tasks, including document classification. While with the recent emergence of BERT, deep learning language models can achieve reasonably good…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Jinghui Lu , Maeve Henchion , Ivan Bacher , Brian Mac Namee
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