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Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) is traditionally evaluated using Word Error Rate (WER), a metric that is insensitive to meaning. Embedding-based semantic metrics are better correlated with human perception, but decoder-based Large…

AI agents are changing the requirements for document parsing. What matters is semantic correctness: parsed output must preserve the structure and meaning needed for autonomous decisions, including correct table structure, precise chart…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Boyang Zhang , Sebastián G. Acosta , Preston Carlson , Sacha Bron , Pierre-Loïc Doulcet , Daniel B. Ospina , Simon Suo

As LLMs achieved breakthroughs in general reasoning, their proficiency in specialized scientific domains reveals pronounced gaps in existing benchmarks due to data contamination, insufficient complexity, and prohibitive human labor costs.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Peiyao Xiao , Xiaogang Li , Chengliang Xu , Jiayi Wang , Ben Wang , Zichao Chen , Zeyu Wang , Kejun Yu , Yueqian Chen , Xulin Liu , Wende Xiao , Bing Zhao , Hu Wei

In this paper, we aim to establish a simple, effective, and theoretically grounded benchmark for rigorously probing abstract reasoning in Large Language Models (LLMs). To achieve this, we first develop a mathematic framework that defines…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Qingchuan Ma , Yuhang Wu , Xiawu Zheng , Rongrong Ji

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to refactor unit tests, improving readability and structure while preserving behavior. Evaluating such refactorings, however, remains difficult: metrics like CodeBLEU penalize beneficial…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Wendkûuni C. Ouédraogo , Yinghua Li , Xueqi Dang , Xin Zhou , Anil Koyuncu , Jacques Klein , David Lo , Tegawendé F. Bissyandé

Assembly-to-source code translation is a critical task in reverse engineering, cybersecurity, and software maintenance, yet systematic benchmarks for evaluating large language models on this problem remain scarce. In this work, we present…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Parisa Hamedi , Hamed Jelodar , Samita Bai , Mohammad Meymani , Roozbeh Razavi-Far , Ali A. Ghorbani

Being able to rank the similarity of short text segments is an interesting bonus feature of neural machine translation. Translation-based similarity measures include direct and pivot translation probability, as well as translation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Jannis Vamvas , Rico Sennrich

Meaning Representation (AMR) is a graph-based semantic representation for sentences, composed of collections of concepts linked by semantic relations. AMR-based approaches have found success in a variety of applications, but a challenge to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Fei-Tzin Lee , Chris Kedzie , Nakul Verma , Kathleen McKeown

We present Neural Machine Translation (NMT) training using document-level metrics with batch-level documents. Previous sequence-objective approaches to NMT training focus exclusively on sentence-level metrics like sentence BLEU which do not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Danielle Saunders , Felix Stahlberg , Bill Byrne

Evaluation is a bottleneck in the development of natural language generation (NLG) models. Automatic metrics such as BLEU rely on references, but for tasks such as open-ended generation, there are no references to draw upon. Although…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-14 Kawin Ethayarajh , Dorsa Sadigh

While several feature embedding models have been developed in the literature, comparisons of these embeddings have largely focused on their numerical performance in classification-related downstream applications. However, an interpretable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Mohammad Jalali , Bahar Dibaei Nia , Farzan Farnia

With the enourmous popularity of large language models, many researchers have raised ethical concerns regarding social biases incorporated in such models. Several methods to measure social bias have been introduced, but apparently these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Sarah Schröder , Alexander Schulz , Barbara Hammer

Multi-modal semantic segmentation (MMSS) addresses the limitations of single-modality data by integrating complementary information across modalities. Despite notable progress, a significant gap persists between research and real-world…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Chenfei Liao , Kaiyu Lei , Xu Zheng , Junha Moon , Zhixiong Wang , Yixuan Wang , Danda Pani Paudel , Luc Van Gool , Xuming Hu

As large language models (LLMs) continue to scale up, their performance on various downstream tasks has significantly improved. However, evaluating their capabilities has become increasingly expensive, as performing inference on a large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Taolin Zhang , Hang Guo , Wang Lu , Tao Dai , Shu-Tao Xia , Jindong Wang

BERT is inefficient for sentence-pair tasks such as clustering or semantic search as it needs to evaluate combinatorially many sentence pairs which is very time-consuming. Sentence BERT (SBERT) attempted to solve this challenge by learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-08 Yan Zhang , Ruidan He , Zuozhu Liu , Kwan Hui Lim , Lidong Bing

Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC) is the task of answering a question over a paragraph of text. While neural MRC systems gain popularity and achieve noticeable performance, issues are being raised with the methodology used to establish…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-11 Viktor Schlegel , Marco Valentino , André Freitas , Goran Nenadic , Riza Batista-Navarro

The increasing reliance on Large Language Models (LLMs) across academia and industry necessitates a comprehensive understanding of their robustness to prompts. In response to this vital need, we introduce PromptRobust, a robustness…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Kaijie Zhu , Jindong Wang , Jiaheng Zhou , Zichen Wang , Hao Chen , Yidong Wang , Linyi Yang , Wei Ye , Yue Zhang , Neil Zhenqiang Gong , Xing Xie

In semi-supervised semantic segmentation (SSS), weak-to-strong consistency regularization techniques are widely utilized in recent works, typically combined with input-level and feature-level perturbations. However, the integration between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Sien Li , Tao Wang , Ruizhe Hu , Wenxi Liu

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable performance in Visually Rich Document Understanding (VRDU) tasks, but their capabilities are mainly evaluated on pristine, well-structured document images. We consider…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Zichun Guo , Yuling Shi , Wenhao Zeng , Chao Hu , Haotian Lin , Terry Yue Zhuo , Jiawei Chen , Xiaodong Gu , Wenping Ma

Recent developments in natural language processing (NLP) have highlighted the need for substantial amounts of data for models to capture textual information accurately. This raises concerns regarding the computational resources and time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Roxana Petcu , Subhadeep Maji