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Quantified formulas pose a significant challenge for Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solvers due to their inherent undecidability. Existing instantiation techniques, such as e-matching, syntax-guided, model-based, conflict-based, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Jan Jakubův , Mikoláš Janota

With the growing interest in quantum programs, ensuring their correctness is a fundamental challenge. Although constraint-solving techniques can overcome some limitations of traditional testing and verification, they have not yet been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-25 Shangzhou Xia , Haitao Fu , Jianjun Zhao

In the past two decades, significant research and development effort went into the development of verification tools for individual languages, such asC, C++, and Java. Many of the used verification approaches are in fact language-agnostic…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Dirk Beyer , Gidon Ernst , Martin Jonáš , Marian Lingsch-Rosenfeld

Satisfiability Testing (SAT) techniques are well-established in classical computing where they are used to solve a broad variety of problems, e.g., in the design of classical circuits and systems. Analogous to the classical realm, quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-11 Lucas Berent , Lukas Burgholzer , Robert Wille

This paper presents a fast and effective computer algebraic method for analyzing and verifying non-linear integer arithmetic circuits using a novel algebraic spectral model. It introduces a concept of algebraic spectrum, a numerical form of…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2019-01-11 Cunxi Yu , Tiankai Su , Atif Yasin , Maciej Ciesielski

We proposes a novel method that enables Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) to solve SAT problems by leveraging a technique developed for applying GNNs to Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP). Specifically, k-CNF formulae are mapped into MILP…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Franco Alberto Cardillo , Hamza Khyari , Umberto Straccia

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated formidable capabilities in solving mathematical problems, yet they may still commit logical reasoning and computational errors during the problem-solving process. Thus, this paper proposes a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Kuo Zhou , Lu Zhang

How to handle division in systems that compute with logical formulas involving what would otherwise be polynomial constraints over the real numbers is a surprisingly difficult question. This paper argues that existing approaches from both…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Christopher W. Brown

Lie algebra valued equations translating the integrability of a general two-dimensional Wess-Zumino-Witten model are given. We found simple solutions to these equations and identified three types of new integrable non-linear sigma models.…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-03-03 N. Mohammedi

Universal fault-tolerant quantum computers will require the use of efficient protocols to implement encoded operations necessary in the execution of algorithms. In this work, we show how solvers for satisfiability modulo theories (SMT…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-11 Noah Shutty , Christopher Chamberland

Recent progress in large language models (LLMs) like GPT-4 and PaLM-2 has brought significant advancements in addressing math reasoning problems. In particular, OpenAI's latest version of GPT-4, known as GPT-4 Code Interpreter, shows…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Aojun Zhou , Ke Wang , Zimu Lu , Weikang Shi , Sichun Luo , Zipeng Qin , Shaoqing Lu , Anya Jia , Linqi Song , Mingjie Zhan , Hongsheng Li

This paper presents a novel framework for high-dimensional nonlinear quantum computation that exploits tensor products of amplified vector and matrix encodings to efficiently evaluate multivariate polynomials. The approach enables the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-01 Matthias Deiml , Daniel Peterseim

Modern SAT or QBF solvers are expected to produce correctness certificates. However, certificates have worst-case exponential size (unless NP=coNP), and at recent SAT competitions the largest certificates of unsatisfiability are starting to…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Philipp Czerner , Javier Esparza , Valentin Krasotin , Adrian Krauss

The Sum-of-Squares (SoS) hierarchy is a powerful framework for polynomial optimization and proof complexity, offering tight semidefinite relaxations that capture many classical algorithms. Despite its broad applicability, several works have…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Alex Bortolotti , Monaldo Mastrolilli , Marilena Palomba , Luis Felipe Vargas

Tsetlin Machines (TsMs) are a promising and interpretable machine learning method which can be applied for various classification tasks. We present an exact encoding of TsMs into propositional logic and formally verify properties of TsMs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Emilia Przybysz , Bimal Bhattarai , Cosimo Persia , Ana Ozaki , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Jivitesh Sharma

Automating string transformations has been one of the killer applications of program synthesis. Existing synthesizers that solve this problem produce programs in domain-specific languages (DSL) that are engineered to help the synthesizer,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Anvay Grover , Ruediger Ehlers , Loris D'Antoni

We develop a numerical method for solving a system of nonlinear integral equations involving two integral terms: at the current time t, one integral is taken from 0 to t, and a different integral is taken from t to infinity. We prove the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2008-09-15 S. A. Belbas

Bridging logical reasoning and deep learning is crucial for advanced AI systems. In this work, we present a new framework that addresses this goal by generating interpretable and verifiable logical rules through differentiable learning,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Zhaoyu Li , Jinpei Guo , Yuhe Jiang , Xujie Si

The conventional paradigm of quantum computing is discrete: it utilizes discrete sets of gates to realize bitstring-to-bitstring mappings, some of them arguably intractable for classical computers. In parameterized quantum approaches, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-12 Adrián Pérez-Salinas , Mahtab Yaghubi Rad , Alice Barthe , Vedran Dunjko

This paper introduces the 2019 version of \us{}, a novel Constraint Programming framework for floating point verification problems expressed with the SMT language of SMTLIB. SMT solvers decompose their task by delegating to specific…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-02 Heytem Zitoun , Claude Michel , Laurent Michel , Michel Rueher