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We study the speed/fidelity trade-off for a two-qubit phase gate implemented in $^{43}$Ca$^+$ hyperfine trapped-ion qubits. We characterize various error sources contributing to the measured fidelity, allowing us to account for errors due…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-10 C. J. Ballance , T. P. Harty , N. M. Linke , D. M. Lucas

Measurements on near-term quantum processors are inevitably subject to hardware imperfections that lead to readout errors. Mitigation of such unavoidable errors is crucial to better explore and extend the power of near-term quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-19 Kun Wang , Yu-Ao Chen , Xin Wang

Many current quantum error-correcting codes that achieve full fault tolerance suffer from having low ratios of logical to physical qubits and significant overhead. This makes them difficult to implement on current noisy intermediate-scale…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-22 Christopher Gerhard , Todd A. Brun

Quantum error correction is capable of digitizing quantum noise and increasing the robustness of qubits. Typically, error correction is designed with the target of eliminating all errors - making an error so unlikely it can be assumed that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-20 Salonik Resch , Ulya R. Karpuzcu

Quantum metrology with entangled resources aims to achieve sensitivity beyond the standard quantum limit by harnessing quantum effects even in the presence of environmental noise. So far, sensitivity has been mainly discussed from the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-20 Kaoru Yamamoto , Suguru Endo , Hideaki Hakoshima , Yuichiro Matsuzaki , Yuuki Tokunaga

Descriptions of quantum algorithms, communication etc. protocols assume the existence of closed quantum system. However, real life quantum systems are open and are highly sensitive to errors. Hence error correction is of utmost importance…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-09-15 Ritajit Majumdar , Saikat Basu , Priyanka Mukhopadhyay , Susmita Sur-Kolay

A general method to mitigate the effect of errors in quantum circuits is outlined. The method is developed in sight of characteristics that an ideal method should possess and to ameliorate an existing method which only mitigates state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-24 Manpreet Singh Jattana , Fengping Jin , Hans De Raedt , Kristel Michielsen

Quantum computation, a completely different paradigm of computing, benefits from theoretically proven speed-ups for certain problems and opens up the possibility of exactly studying the properties of quantum systems. Yet, because of the…

Gate fidelity -- an average fidelity over all possible input states -- is the workhorse metric for benchmarking quantum gates or circuits, yet fault-tolerant quantum computing ultimately depends on the worst-case behavior, typically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-10 Kyoungho Cho , Ilkwon Sohn , Yongsoo Hwang , Jeongho Bang

High-fidelity quantum gates are a cornerstone of any quantum computing and communications architecture. Realizing such control in the presence of realistic errors at the level required for beyond-threshold quantum error correction is a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-08 E. Poem , M. I. Cohen , S. Blum , D. Minin , D. Korn , O. Heifler , S. Maayani , A. Hamo , I. Bayn , N. Bar-Gill , M. Tordjman

The potential of quantum computers to outperform classical ones in practically useful tasks remains challenging in the near term due to scaling limitations and high error rates of current quantum hardware. While quantum error correction…

In recent investigations, it has been found that conservation laws generally lead to precision limits on quantum computing. Lower bounds of the error probability have been obtained for various logic operations from the commutation relation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Tokishiro Karasawa , Masanao Ozawa

Achieving near-term quantum advantage will require accurate estimation of quantum observables despite significant hardware noise. For this purpose, we propose a novel, scalable error-mitigation method that applies to gate-based quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-01 Piotr Czarnik , Andrew Arrasmith , Patrick J. Coles , Lukasz Cincio

An important measure of the development of quantum computing platforms has been the simulation of increasingly complex physical systems. Prior to fault-tolerant quantum computing, robust error mitigation strategies are necessary to continue…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-07 T. E. O'Brien , G. Anselmetti , F. Gkritsis , V. E. Elfving , S. Polla , W. J. Huggins , O. Oumarou , K. Kechedzhi , D. Abanin , R. Acharya , I. Aleiner , R. Allen , T. I. Andersen , K. Anderson , M. Ansmann , F. Arute , K. Arya , A. Asfaw , J. Atalaya , D. Bacon , J. C. Bardin , A. Bengtsson , S. Boixo , G. Bortoli , A. Bourassa , J. Bovaird , L. Brill , M. Broughton , B. Buckley , D. A. Buell , T. Burger , B. Burkett , N. Bushnell , J. Campero , Y. Chen , Z. Chen , B. Chiaro , D. Chik , J. Cogan , R. Collins , P. Conner , W. Courtney , A. L. Crook , B. Curtin , D. M. Debroy , S. Demura , I. Drozdov , A. Dunsworth , C. Erickson , L. Faoro , E. Farhi , R. Fatemi , V. S. Ferreira , L. Flores Burgos , E. Forati , A. G. Fowler , B. Foxen , W. Giang , C. Gidney , D. Gilboa , M. Giustina , R. Gosula , A. Grajales Dau , J. A. Gross , S. Habegger , M. C. Hamilton , M. Hansen , M. P. Harrigan , S. D. Harrington , P. Heu , J. Hilton , M. R. Hoffmann , S. Hong , T. Huang , A. Huff , L. B. Ioffe , S. V. Isakov , J. Iveland , E. Jeffrey , Z. Jiang , C. Jones , P. Juhas , D. Kafri , J. Kelly , T. Khattar , M. Khezri , M. Kieferová , S. Kim , P. V. Klimov , A. R. Klots , R. Kothari , A. N. Korotkov , F. Kostritsa , J. M. Kreikebaum , D. Landhuis , P. Laptev , K. Lau , L. Laws , J. Lee , K. Lee , B. J. Lester , A. T. Lill , W. Liu , W. P. Livingston , A. Locharla , E. Lucero , F. D. Malone , S. Mandra , O. Martin , S. Martin , J. R. McClean , T. McCourt , M. McEwen , A. Megrant , X. Mi , A. Mieszala , K. C. Miao , M. Mohseni , S. Montazeri , A. Morvan , R. Movassagh , W. Mruczkiewicz , O. Naaman , M. Neeley , C. Neill , A. Nersisyan , H. Neven , M. Newman , J. H. Ng , A. Nguyen , M. Nguyen , M. Y. Niu , S. Omonije , A. Opremcak , A. Petukhov , R. Potter , L. P. Pryadko , C. Quintana , C. Rocque , P. Roushan , N. Saei , D. Sank , K. Sankaragomathi , K. J. Satzinger , H. F. Schurkus , C. Schuster , M. J. Shearn , A. Shorter , N. Shutty , V. Shvarts , J. Skruzny , V. Smelyanskiy , W. C. Smith , R. Somma , G. Sterling , D. Strain , M. Szalay , D. Thor , A. Torres , G. Vidal , B. Villalonga , C. Vollgraff Heidweiller , T. White , B. W. K. Woo , C. Xing , Z. J. Yao , P. Yeh , J. Yoo , G. Young , A. Zalcman , Y. Zhang , N. Zhu , N. Zobrist , C. Gogolin , R. Babbush , N. C. Rubin

There is currently a significant need for robust and efficient methods for characterizing quantum devices. While there has been significant progress in this direction, there remains a crucial need to precisely determine the strength and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-04 Arnaud Carignan-Dugas , Joel J. Wallman , Joseph Emerson

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) is typically viewed as a suite of practical techniques for today's noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices, with limited relevance once fault-tolerant quantum computers become available. In this work, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-11 Zeyuan Zhou , Shaun Pexton , Aleksander Kubica , Yongshan Ding

Quantum information processors promise fast algorithms for problems inaccessible to classical computers. But since qubits are noisy and error-prone, they will depend on fault-tolerant quantum error correction (FTQEC) to compute reliably.…

Quantum error mitigation techniques mimic noiseless quantum circuits by running several related noisy circuits and combining their outputs in particular ways. How well such techniques work is thought to depend strongly on how noisy the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-12 David Layden , Bradley Mitchell , Karthik Siva

Because of their long coherence time and compatibility with industrial foundry processes, electron spin qubits are a promising platform for scalable quantum processors. A full-fledged quantum computer will need quantum error correction,…

With improved gate calibrations reducing unitary errors, we achieve a benchmarked single-qubit gate fidelity of 99.95% with superconducting qubits in a circuit quantum electrodynamics system. We present a method for distinguishing between…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-01-13 Sarah Sheldon , Lev S. Bishop , Easwar Magesan , Stefan Filipp , Jerry M. Chow , Jay M. Gambetta