Related papers: Penetrating component in cosmic rays

Scaling violation in interaction of cosmic ray hadrons and the nature of the 3 PeV knee in the spectrum of primary cosmic rays

Energy spectra of the most energetic hadrons in the core region of extensive air showers (EAS) were studied in dependence on the EAS energy $E_0$ in the hybrid experiment HADRON at the Tien Shan mountain cosmic ray station. For the first…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-11-22 S. Shaulov , A. Shepetov , E. Kupriyanova , V. Ryabov , L. Vil'danova

The rise of muon content in extensive air showers after the 3 PeV knee of the primary cosmic ray spectrum according to data of the Tien Shan mountain installation

We put together the experimental results on muon component of extensive air showers (EAS) which were gained with various techniques at the detector complex of the Tien Shan mountain station. According to this comparison, the problem of the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-08-24 A. Shepetov , S. Shaulov , O. Likiy , V. Ryabov , T. Sadykov , N. Saduev , V. Zhukov

Measurement of air shower cores to study the cosmic ray composition in the knee energy region

Since 1996, a hybrid experiment consisting of an emulsion chamber and a burst detector array and the Tibet-II air shower array has been operated at Yangbajing (4300 m above sea level) in Tibet. This experiment can detect air-shower cores,…

Astrophysics · Physics 2011-07-19 M. Amenomori , S. Ayabe , Caidong

Self-consistent approach for measuring the energy spectra and composition of cosmic rays and determining the properties of hadronic interactions at high energy

Air showers, produced by the interaction of energetic cosmic rays with the atmosphere, are an excellent alternative to study particle physics at energies beyond any human-made particle accelerator. For that, it is necessary to identify…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-09-03 Andrea Addazi , Andy Buckley , Jose Bellido , Zhen Cao , Ruben Conceição , Lorenzo Cazon , Armando di Matteo , Bruce Dawson , Kasumasa Kawata , Paolo Lipari , Analiza Mariazzi , Marco Muzio , Shoichi Ogio , Sergey Ostapchenko , Mário Pimenta , Tanguy Pierog , Andres Romero-Wolf , Felix Riehn , David Schmidt , Eva Santos , Frank Schroeder , Karen Caballero-Mora , Pat Scott , Takashi Sako , Carlos Todero Peixoto , Ralf Ulrich , Darko Veberic , Martin White

Measurements of the low energy neutron and gamma ray accompaniment of extensive air showers in the knee region of primary cosmic ray spectrum

Purposeful investigation of radiation fluxes strongly delayed in relation to the main particles front of extensive air shower (EAS) was undertaken at the Tien Shan Mountain Cosmic Ray Station. It was found that the passage of the EAS can be…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-01-28 A. Shepetov , A. Chubenko , B. Iskhakov , O. Kryakunova , O. Kalikulov , S. Mamina , K. Mukashev , V. Piscal , V. Ryabov , N. Saduyev , T. Sadykov , N. Salikhov , E. Tautaev , L. Vil'danova , V. Zhukov

High Energy Physics in the Atmosphere: Phenomenology of Cosmic Ray Air Showers

The properties of cosmic rays with energies above 10**6 GeV have to be deduced from the spacetime structure and particle content of the air showers which they initiate. In this review we summarize the phenomenology of these giant air…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2010-01-15 Luis Anchordoqui , Maria Teresa Dova , Analisa Mariazzi , Thomas McCauley , Thomas Paul , Stephen Reucroft , John Swain

The primary cosmic ray composition between 10**15 and 10**16 eV from Extensive Air Showers electromagnetic and TeV muon data

The cosmic ray primary composition in the energy range between 10**15 and 10**16 eV, i.e., around the "knee" of the primary spectrum, has been studied through the combined measurements of the EAS-TOP air shower array (2005 m a.s.l., 10**5…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 TOP Collaboration , MACRO Collaboration

Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays

In this report we review the important progress made in recent years towards understanding the experimental data on ultra-high-energy ($E \gtrsim 10^9$ GeV) cosmic rays. We begin with a general survey of the available data, including a…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-05-22 Luis A. Anchordoqui

Cosmic ray composition and energy spectrum above 1 TeV: direct and EAS measurements

The most recent experimental results on the cosmic ray composition and energy spectrum above 1 TeV are reviewed and discussed. All data agree on the presence of the so-called ``knee'' at an energy E(knee) = 3-4 PeV; the knee is seen in all…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-31 A. Castellina

Hadronic Interactions for High Energy Cosmic Ray Air Showers

Understanding hadronic interactions at high energies represents a very important ingredient for modeling high energy cosmic ray air showers. In this paper, we present a new approach to simulate hadronic interactions, including…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2007-05-23 H. J. Drescher , M. Hladik , S. Ostapchenko , K. Werner

High Energy Cosmic Ray Air Showers and small-x QCD

We discuss that hadron-induced atmospheric air showers from ultra-high energy cosmic rays are sensitive to QCD interactions at very small momentum fractions x where nonlinear effects should become important. The leading partons from the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2007-05-23 H. J. Drescher , A. Dumitru , M. Strikman

Cosmic ray energy spectra derived from KASCADE-Grande data using post-LHC hadronic interaction models

KASCADE-Grande was dedicated to measuring the energy spectrum and mass composition of cosmic rays in the energy range of 10 PeV to 1 EeV. We observed a knee-like structure in the heavy mass component at around 100 PeV and an ankle-like…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-09-01 D. Kang , J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez , M. Bertaina , A. Chiavassa , A. L. Colmenero-César , K. Daumiller , V. de Souza , R. Engel , A. Gherghel-Lascu , C. Grupen , A. Haungs , J. R. Hörandel , T. Huege , K. -H. Kampert , K. Link , H. J. Mathes , S. Ostapchenko , T. Pierog , D. Rivera-Rangel , M. Roth , H. Schieler , F. G. Schröder , O. Sima , A. Weindl , J. Wochele , J. Zabierowski

Measurements and tests of hadronic interactions at ultra-high energies with the Pierre Auger Observatory

Extensive air showers are complex objects, resulting of billions of particle reactions initiated by single cosmic ray at ultra-high-energy. Their characteristics are sensitive both to the mass of the primary cosmic ray and to the details of…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-06-12 Lorenzo Cazon

Status of the EAS studies of cosmic rays with energy below 10**16 eV

This paper briefly summarizes the status of the cosmic ray observations by EAS (Extended Air Shower) experiments with energy below 10**16eV and the related studies of the hadronic interaction models. Based on the observed sharp knee…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2009-11-17 Hongbo Hu

Results from Pion-Carbon Interactions Measured by NA61/SHINE for Improved Understanding of Extensive Air Showers

The interpretation of extensive air shower measurements, produced by ultra-high energy cosmic rays, relies on the correct modeling of the hadron-air interactions that occur during the shower development. The majority of hadronic particles…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2019-08-14 Alexander E. Hervé

Measurement of the Cosmic Ray Energy Spectrum and Composition from 10^{17} to 10^{18.3} eV Using a Hybrid Fluorescence Technique

We study the spectrum and average mass composition of cosmic rays with primary energies between 10^{17} eV and 10^{18} eV using a hybrid detector consisting of the High Resolution Fly's Eye (HiRes) prototype and the MIA muon array.…

Astrophysics · Physics 2019-08-17 T. Abu-Zayyad , K. Belov , D. J. Bird , J. Boyer , Z. Cao , M. Catanese , G. F. Chen , R. W. Clay , C. E. Covault , H. Y. Dai , B. R. Dawson , J. W. Elbert , B. E. Fick , L. F. Fortson , J. W. Fowler , K. G. Gibbs , M. A. K. Glasmacher , K. D. Green , Y. Ho , A. Huang , C. C. Jui , M. J. Kidd , D. B. Kieda , B. C. Knapp , S. Ko , C. G. Larsen , W. Lee , E. C. Loh , E. J. Mannel , J. Matthews , J. N. Matthews , B. J. Newport , D. F. Nitz , R. A. Ong , K. M. Simpson , J. D. Smith , D. Sinclair , P. Sokolsky , P. Sommers , C. Song , J. K. K. Tang , S. B. Thomas , J. van der Velde , L. R. Wiencke , C. R. Wilkinson , S. Yoshida , X. Z. Zhang

On the scent of the knee - air shower measurements with KASCADE

Detailed investigations of extensive air showers have been performed with the data measured by the KASCADE experiment. The results allow to evaluate hadronic interaction models, used in simulations to interpret air shower data. The…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 KASCADE Collaboration , J. R. Hoerandel

Precise measurements of the cosmic ray proton energy spectrum in the "knee'' region

We report the high-purity identification of cosmic-ray (CR) protons and a precise measurement of their energy spectrum from 0.15 to 12 PeV using the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). Abundant event statistics, combined…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-12-29 The LHAASO Collaboration , Zhen Cao , F. Aharonian , Y. X. Bai , Y. W. Bao , D. Bastieri , X. J. Bi , Y. J. Bi , W. Bian , A. V. Bukevich , C. M. Cai , W. Y. Cao , Zhe Cao , J. Chang , J. F. Chang , A. M. Chen , E. S. Chen , G. H. Chen , H. X. Chen , Liang Chen , Long Chen , M. J. Chen , M. L. Chen , Q. H. Chen , S. Chen , S. H. Chen , S. Z. Chen , T. L. Chen , X. B. Chen , X. J. Chen , Y. Chen , N. Cheng , Y. D. Cheng , M. C. Chu , M. Y. Cui , S. W. Cui , X. H. Cui , Y. D. Cui , B. Z. Dai , H. L. Dai , Z. G. Dai , Danzengluobu , Y. X. Diao , X. Q. Dong , K. K. Duan , J. H. Fan , Y. Z. Fan , J. Fang , J. H. Fang , K. Fang , C. F. Feng , H. Feng , L. Feng , S. H. Feng , X. T. Feng , Y. Feng , Y. L. Feng , S. Gabici , B. Gao , C. D. Gao , Q. Gao , W. Gao , W. K. Gao , M. M. Ge , T. T. Ge , L. S. Geng , G. Giacinti , G. H. Gong , Q. B. Gou , M. H. Gu , F. L. Guo , J. Guo , X. L. Guo , Y. Q. Guo , Y. Y. Guo , Y. A. Han , O. A. Hannuksela , M. Hasan , H. H. He , H. N. He , J. Y. He , X. Y. He , Y. He , S. Hernandez-Cadena , B. W. Hou , C. Hou , X. Hou , H. B. Hu , S. C. Hu , C. Huang , D. H. Huang , J. J. Huang , T. Q. Huang , W. J. Huang , X. T. Huang , X. Y. Huang , Y. Huang , Y. Y. Huang , X. L. Ji , H. Y. Jia , K. Jia , H. B. Jiang , K. Jiang , X. W. Jiang , Z. J. Jiang , M. Jin , S. Kaci , M. M. Kang , I. Karpikov , D. Khangulyan , D. Kuleshov , K. Kurinov , B. B. Li , Cheng Li , Cong Li , D. Li , F. Li , H. B. Li , H. C. Li , Jian Li , Jie Li , K. Li , L. Li , R. L. Li , S. D. Li , T. Y. Li , W. L. Li , X. R. Li , Xin Li , Y. Li , Y. Z. Li , Zhe Li , Zhuo Li , E. W. Liang , Y. F. Liang , S. J. Lin , P. Lipari , B. Liu , C. Liu , D. Liu , D. B. Liu , H. Liu , H. D. Liu , J. Liu , J. L. Liu , J. R. Liu , M. Y. Liu , R. Y. Liu , S. M. Liu , W. Liu , X. Liu , Y. Liu , Y. Liu , Y. N. Liu , Y. Q. Lou , Q. Luo , Y. Luo , H. K. Lv , B. Q. Ma , L. L. Ma , X. H. Ma , J. R. Mao , Z. Min , W. Mitthumsiri , G. B. Mou , H. J. Mu , A. Neronov , K. C. Y. Ng , M. Y. Ni , L. Nie , L. J. Ou , P. Pattarakijwanich , Z. Y. Pei , J. C. Qi , M. Y. Qi , J. J. Qin , A. Raza , C. Y. Ren , D. Ruffolo , A. Saiz , D. Semikoz , L. Shao , O. Shchegolev , Y. Z. Shen , X. D. Sheng , Z. D. Shi , F. W. Shu , H. C. Song , V. Stepanov , Y. Su , D. X. Sun , H. Sun , Q. N. Sun , X. N. Sun , Z. B. Sun , N. H. Tabasam , J. Takata , P. H. T. Tam , H. B. Tan , Q. W. Tang , R. Tang , Z. B. Tang , W. W. Tian , C. N. Tong , L. H. Wan , C. Wang , G. W. Wang , H. G. Wang , J. C. Wang , K. Wang , Kai Wang , Kai Wang , L. P. Wang , L. Y. Wang , L. Y. Wang , R. Wang , W. Wang , X. G. Wang , X. J. Wang , X. Y. Wang , Y. Wang , Y. D. Wang , Z. H. Wang , Z. X. Wang , Zheng Wang , D. M. Wei , J. J. Wei , Y. J. Wei , T. Wen , S. S. Weng , C. Y. Wu , H. R. Wu , Q. W. Wu , S. Wu , X. F. Wu , Y. S. Wu , S. Q. Xi , J. Xia , J. J. Xia , G. M. Xiang , D. X. Xiao , G. Xiao , Y. L. Xin , Y. Xing , D. R. Xiong , Z. Xiong , D. L. Xu , R. F. Xu , R. X. Xu , W. L. Xu , L. Xue , D. H. Yan , T. Yan , C. W. Yang , C. Y. Yang , F. F. Yang , L. L. Yang , M. J. Yang , R. Z. Yang , W. X. Yang , Z. H. Yang , Z. G. Yao , X. A. Ye , L. Q. Yin , N. Yin , X. H. You , Z. Y. You , Q. Yuan , H. Yue , H. D. Zeng , T. X. Zeng , W. Zeng , X. T. Zeng , M. Zha , B. B. Zhang , B. T. Zhang , C. Zhang , F. Zhang , H. Zhang , H. M. Zhang , H. Y. Zhang , J. L. Zhang , Li Zhang , P. F. Zhang , P. P. Zhang , R. Zhang , S. R. Zhang , S. S. Zhang , W. Y. Zhang , X. Zhang , X. P. Zhang , Yi Zhang , Yong Zhang , Z. P. Zhang , J. Zhao , L. Zhao , L. Z. Zhao , S. P. Zhao , X. H. Zhao , Z. H. Zhao , F. Zheng , W. J. Zhong , B. Zhou , H. Zhou , J. N. Zhou , M. Zhou , P. Zhou , R. Zhou , X. X. Zhou , X. X. Zhou , B. Y. Zhu , C. G. Zhu , F. R. Zhu , H. Zhu , K. J. Zhu , Y. C. Zou , X. Zuo

Are protons still dominant at the knee of the cosmic-ray energy spectrum?

A hybrid experiment consisting of emulsion chambers, burst detectors and the Tibet II air-shower array was carried out at Yangbajing (4,300 m a.s.l., 606 g/cm$^2$) in Tibet to obtain the energy spectra of primary protons and heliums. From…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 The Tibet AS Gamma Collaboration , M. Amenomori

Progress in high-energy cosmic ray physics

We review some of the recent progress in our knowledge about high-energy cosmic rays, with an emphasis on the interpretation of the different observational results. We discuss the effects that are relevant to shape the cosmic ray spectrum…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-12-05 Silvia Mollerach , Esteban Roulet