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In this work, the use of t-SNE is proposed to embed 3D point clouds of plants into 2D space for plant characterization. It is demonstrated that t-SNE operates as a practical tool to flatten and visualize a complete 3D plant model in 2D…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-08 Helin Dutagaci

We describe a new method called t-ETE for finding a low-dimensional embedding of a set of objects in Euclidean space. We formulate the embedding problem as a joint ranking problem over a set of triplets, where each triplet captures the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-05-18 Ehsan Amid , Nikos Vlassis , Manfred K. Warmuth

Multidimensional scaling is a statistical process that aims to embed high dimensional data into a lower-dimensional space; this process is often used for the purpose of data visualisation. Common multidimensional scaling algorithms tend to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-25 Pierre Lambert , Cyril de Bodt , Michel Verleysen , John Lee

Network Embeddings (NEs) map the nodes of a given network into $d$-dimensional Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^d$. Ideally, this mapping is such that `similar' nodes are mapped onto nearby points, such that the NE can be used for purposes such…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-10-17 Bo Kang , Jefrey Lijffijt , Tijl De Bie

Neighbor embeddings are a family of methods for visualizing complex high-dimensional datasets using $k$NN graphs. To find the low-dimensional embedding, these algorithms combine an attractive force between neighboring pairs of points with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Jan Niklas Böhm , Philipp Berens , Dmitry Kobak

T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) is a well-known algorithm for visualizing high-dimensional data by finding low-dimensional representations. In this paper, we study the convergence of t-SNE with generalized kernels and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-10 Yi Gu

Widely used pipelines for analyzing high-dimensional data utilize two-dimensional visualizations. These are created, for instance, via t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE). A crucial element of the t-SNE embedding procedure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Martin Skrodzki , Nicolas F. Chaves-de-Plaza , Thomas Höllt , Elmar Eisemann , Klaus Hildebrandt

t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) for the visualization of multidimensional data has proven to be a popular approach, with successful applications in a wide range of domains. Despite their usefulness, t-SNE projections can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Angelos Chatzimparmpas , Rafael M. Martins , Andreas Kerren

The t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (tSNE) algorithm has become in recent years one of the most used and insightful techniques for the exploratory data analysis of high-dimensional data. tSNE reveals clusters of high-dimensional…

Due to the sequential sample arrival, changing experiment conditions, and evolution of knowledge, the demand to continually visualize evolving structures of sequential and diverse single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data becomes…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2024-06-24 Hui Ma , Kai Chen

Biomedical research often produces high-dimensional data confounded by batch effects such as systematic experimental variations, different protocols and subject identifiers. Without proper correction, low-dimensional representation of…

Progressive Visual Analytics aims at improving the interactivity in existing analytics techniques by means of visualization as well as interaction with intermediate results. One key method for data analysis is dimensionality reduction, for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-06-17 Nicola Pezzotti , Boudewijn P. F. Lelieveldt , Laurens van der Maaten , Thomas Höllt , Elmar Eisemann , Anna Vilanova

t-distributed Stochastic Neighborhood Embedding (t-SNE), a clustering and visualization method proposed by van der Maaten & Hinton in 2008, has rapidly become a standard tool in a number of natural sciences. Despite its overwhelming…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-09 George C. Linderman , Stefan Steinerberger

Dimension reduction, widely used in science, maps high-dimensional data into low-dimensional space. We investigate a basic mathematical model underlying the techniques of stochastic neighborhood embedding (SNE) and its popular variant…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-26 Ben Weinkove

t-SNE is one of the most commonly used force-based nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods. This paper has two contributions: the first is forceful colorings, an idea that is also applicable to other force-based methods (UMAP,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-26 Yulan Zhang , Stefan Steinerberger

Contrastive learning, especially self-supervised contrastive learning (SSCL), has achieved great success in extracting powerful features from unlabeled data. In this work, we contribute to the theoretical understanding of SSCL and uncover…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Tianyang Hu , Zhili Liu , Fengwei Zhou , Wenjia Wang , Weiran Huang

The clustering and visualisation of high-dimensional data is a ubiquitous task in modern data science. Popular techniques include nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods like t-SNE or UMAP. These methods face the `scale-problem' of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-20 Jack Kendrick

Central to the widespread use of t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) is the conviction that it produces visualizations whose structure roughly matches that of the input. To the contrary, we prove that (1) the strength of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Noah Bergam , Szymon Snoeck , Nakul Verma

The central goal of this paper is to establish two commonly available dimensionality reduction (DR) methods i.e. t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) and Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) in Matlab and to observe their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-19 Shadman Sakib , Md. Abu Bakr Siddique , Md. Abdur Rahman

Stochastic neighbor embedding (SNE) methods $t$-SNE, UMAP are two most popular dimensionality reduction methods for data visualization. Contrastive learning, especially self-supervised contrastive learning (SSCL), has showed great success…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Yi Zhang