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Formalisms for higher order quantum processes provide a theoretical formalisation of quantum processes where the order of agents' operations need not be definite and acyclic, but may be subject to quantum superpositions. This has led to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-07 Matthias Salzger , V. Vilasini

It is known that the classical framework of causal models is not general enough to allow for causal reasoning about quantum systems. While the framework has been generalized in a variety of different ways to the quantum case, much of this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-23 Jonathan Barrett , Robin Lorenz , Ognyan Oreshkov

Recently, the possible existence of quantum processes with indefinite causal order has been extensively discussed, in particular using the formalism of process matrices. Here we give a new perspective on this question, by establishing a…

Correlations between spacelike separated measurements on entangled quantum systems are stronger than any classical correlations and are at the heart of numerous quantum technologies. In practice, however, spacelike separation is often not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-28 Martin Ringbauer , Rafael Chaves

The Causal Set approach to quantum gravity asserts that spacetime, at its smallest length scale, has a discrete structure. This discrete structure takes the form of a locally finite order relation, where the order, corresponding with the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 David Rideout

It is univocally anticipated that in a theory of quantum gravity, there exist quantum superpositions of semiclassical states of spacetime geometry. Such states could arise for example, from a source mass in a superposition of spatial…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-01-20 Joshua Foo , Robert B. Mann , Magdalena Zych

In standard quantum theory, the causal relations between operations are fixed. One can relax this notion by allowing for dynamical arrangements, where operations may influence the causal relations of future operations, as certified by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-23 Veronika Baumann , Ämin Baumeler , Eleftherios-Ermis Tselentis

The Hilbert space formalism describes causality as a statistical relation between initial experimental conditions and final measurement outcomes, expressed by the inner products of state vectors representing these conditions. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-28 Holger F. Hofmann

A causal set C can describe a discrete spacetime, but this discrete spacetime is not quantum, because C is endowed with Boolean logic, as it does not allow cycles. In a quasi-ordered set Q, cycles are allowed. In this paper, we consider a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 P. A. Zizzi

Finding a causal model for a set of classical variables is now a well-established task---but what about the quantum equivalent? Even the notion of a quantum causal model is controversial. Here, we present a causal discovery algorithm for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-04-20 Christina Giarmatzi , Fabio Costa

In the quantum theory, it has been shown that one can see if a process has the time reversal symmetry by applying the matrix transposition and examining if it remains physical. However, recent discoveries regarding the indefinite causal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-29 Seok Hyung Lie , M. S. Kim

We explore the notion of events at the intersection between quantum physics and gravity, inspired by recent research on superpositions of semiclassical spacetimes. By going through various experiments and thought experiments -- from a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-04-02 Anne-Catherine de la Hamette , Viktoria Kabel , Časlav Brukner

The recent years have seen interest into the possibility for (classical as well as quantum) causal structures that, while remaining logically consistent, feature a cyclic causal order between events, opening intriguing possibilities for new…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-24 Ilyass Mejdoub , Augustin Vanrietvelde

In the absence of a complete theory of quantum gravity, phenomenological models built upon minimal assumptions have been explored for the analysis of possible quantum effects in gravitational systems. Implications of a superposition of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-14 Natália S. Móller , Bruna Sahdo , Nelson Yokomizo

We introduce a protocol for a quantum switch in the gravitational field of a spherical mass and determine the time interval required for its realization in the gravity of Earth. One of the agents that perform operations with indefinite…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-19 Natália S. Móller , Bruna Sahdo , Nelson Yokomizo

This paper discusses how the transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics can provide for a natural account of the emergence of spacetime events from a quantum substratum. In this account, spacetime is not a substantive manifold that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-01 R. E. Kastner

This paper presents an brief review of some recent work on the causal set approach to quantum gravity. Causal sets are a discretisation of spacetime that allow the symmetries of GR to be preserved in the continuum approximation. One…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-03-31 Joe Henson

We propose an approach to quantum theory based on the energetic causal sets, introduced in Cort\^{e}s and Smolin (2013). Fundamental processes are causal sets whose events carry momentum and energy, which are transmitted along causal links…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-02-22 Marina Cortês , Lee Smolin

Time has a fundamentally different character in quantum mechanics and in general relativity. In quantum theory events unfold in a fixed time order while in general relativity temporal order is influenced by the distribution of matter. When…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-17 Magdalena Zych , Fabio Costa , Igor Pikovski , Caslav Brukner

Central to the development of any new theory is the investigation of the observable consequences of the theory. In the search for quantum gravity, research in phenomenology has been dominated by models violating Lorentz invariance (LI) --…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-09-09 Lydia Philpott