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Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has demonstrated superior performance in enhancing the reasoning capability of large language models (LLMs). However, this accuracy-oriented learning paradigm often suffers from entropy…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Hongye Cao , Zhixin Bai , Ziyue Peng , Boyan Wang , Tianpei Yang , Jing Huo , Yuyao Zhang , Yang Gao

We present the system description for our submission towards the Key Point Analysis Shared Task at ArgMining 2021. Track 1 of the shared task requires participants to develop methods to predict the match score between each pair of arguments…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Manav Nitin Kapadnis , Sohan Patnaik , Siba Smarak Panigrahi , Varun Madhavan , Abhilash Nandy

In this work we study how to learn good algorithms for selecting reasoning steps in theorem proving. We explore this in the connection tableau calculus implemented by leanCoP where the partial tableau provides a clean and compact notion of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-19 Zsolt Zombori , Josef Urban , Miroslav Olšák

Guarded recursion is a powerful modal approach to recursion that can be seen as an abstract form of step-indexing. It is currently used extensively in separation logic to model programming languages with advanced features by solving domain…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Magnus Baunsgaard Kristensen , Rasmus Ejlers Møgelberg , Andrea Vezzosi

Test-time computation has become a primary driver of progress in large language model (LLM) reasoning, but it is increasingly bottlenecked by expensive verification. In many reasoning systems, a large fraction of verifier calls are spent on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Shuhui Qu

Consider learning a policy purely on the basis of demonstrated behavior -- that is, with no access to reinforcement signals, no knowledge of transition dynamics, and no further interaction with the environment. This *strictly batch…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-01-15 Daniel Jarrett , Ioana Bica , Mihaela van der Schaar

In learning-assisted theorem proving, one of the most critical challenges is to generalize to theorems unlike those seen at training time. In this paper, we introduce INT, an INequality Theorem proving benchmark, specifically designed to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Yuhuai Wu , Albert Qiaochu Jiang , Jimmy Ba , Roger Grosse

We introduce a new paradigm of learning for reasoning, understanding, and prediction, as well as the scaffolding network to implement this paradigm. The scaffolding network embodies an incremental learning approach that is formulated as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-05-23 Asli Celikyilmaz , Li Deng , Lihong Li , Chong Wang

This paper attempts to address the question of how best to assure the correctness of saturation-based automated theorem provers using our experience developing the theorem prover Vampire. We describe the techniques we currently employ to…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-04-12 Giles Reger , Martin Suda , Andrei Voronkov

Reinforcement learning has been successfully used to solve difficult tasks in complex unknown environments. However, these methods typically do not provide any safety guarantees during the learning process. This is particularly problematic,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-07-02 Torsten Koller , Felix Berkenkamp , Matteo Turchetta , Joschka Boedecker , Andreas Krause

Iterative jailbreak methods that repeatedly rewrite and input prompts into large language models (LLMs) to induce harmful outputs -- using the model's previous responses to guide each new iteration -- have been found to be a highly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Masahiro Kaneko , Zeerak Talat , Timothy Baldwin

The problem-solving in automated theorem proving (ATP) can be interpreted as a search problem where the prover constructs a proof tree step by step. In this paper, we propose a deep reinforcement learning algorithm for proof search in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-05 Mitsuru Kusumoto , Keisuke Yahata , Masahiro Sakai

The existing event classification (EC) work primarily focuseson the traditional supervised learning setting in which models are unableto extract event mentions of new/unseen event types. Few-shot learninghas not been investigated in this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-22 Viet Dac Lai , Franck Dernoncourt , Thien Huu Nguyen

This paper studies Linear Temporal Logic over Finite Traces (LTLf) where proposition letters are replaced with first-order formulas interpreted over arbitrary theories, in the spirit of Satisfiability Modulo Theories. The resulting logic,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Luca Geatti , Alessandro Gianola , Nicola Gigante

We propose the use of Bayesian networks, which provide both a mean value and an uncertainty estimate as output, to enhance the safety of learned control policies under circumstances in which a test-time input differs significantly from the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-18 Keuntaek Lee , Kamil Saigol , Evangelos A. Theodorou

Determining whether a given claim is supported by evidence is a fundamental NLP problem that is best modeled as Textual Entailment. However, given a large collection of text, finding evidence that could support or refute a given claim is a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-29 Wenpeng Yin , Dan Roth

Mixed-paradigm process models integrate strengths of procedural and declarative representations like Petri nets and Declare. They are specifically interesting for process mining because they allow capturing complex behaviour in a compact…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-11-30 Boudewijn van Dongen , Johannes De Smedt , Claudio Di Ciccio , Jan Mendling

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently advanced the field of Automated Theorem Proving (ATP), attaining substantial performance gains through widely adopted test-time scaling strategies, notably reflective Chain-of-Thought (CoT)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Mukai Li , Linfeng Song , Zhenwen Liang , Jiahao Xu , Shansan Gong , Qi Liu , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

In this paper, we present a new explainability formalism designed to shed light on how each input variable of a test set impacts the predictions of machine learning models. Hence, we propose a group explainability formalism for trained…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-12 François Bachoc , Fabrice Gamboa , Max Halford , Jean-Michel Loubes , Laurent Risser

While advancements in the reasoning abilities of LLMs have significantly enhanced their performance in solving mathematical problems, coding tasks, and general puzzles, their effectiveness in accurately adhering to instructions remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Chenyang Wang , Liang Wen , Shousheng Jia , Xiangzheng Zhang , Liang Xu
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