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We propose a partial differential-integral equation (PDE) framework for deep neural networks (DNNs) and their associated learning problem by taking the continuum limits of both network width and depth. The proposed model captures the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-12 Peter Markowich , Simone Portaro

Classical numerical methods for solving partial differential equations suffer from the curse dimensionality mainly due to their reliance on meticulously generated spatio-temporal grids. Inspired by modern deep learning based techniques for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-04-20 Maziar Raissi

We consider recent work of Haber and Ruthotto 2017 and Chang et al. 2018, where deep learning neural networks have been interpreted as discretisations of an optimal control problem subject to an ordinary differential equation constraint. We…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-10-02 Martin Benning , Elena Celledoni , Matthias J. Ehrhardt , Brynjulf Owren , Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb

The continuous dynamical system approach to deep learning is explored in order to devise alternative frameworks for training algorithms. Training is recast as a control problem and this allows us to formulate necessary optimality conditions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-05 Qianxiao Li , Long Chen , Cheng Tai , Weinan E

This paper presents a novel deep learning framework for solving multiple optimal stopping problems in high dimensions. While deep learning has recently shown promise for single stopping problems, the multiple exercise case involves complex…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-30 Mathieu Laurière , Mehdi Talbi

Over the past few years, deep learning has risen to the foreground as a topic of massive interest, mainly as a result of successes obtained in solving large-scale image processing tasks. There are multiple challenging mathematical problems…

The solution to partial differential equations using deep learning approaches has shown promising results for several classes of initial and boundary-value problems. However, their ability to surpass, particularly in terms of accuracy,…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-08-23 Ziad Aldirany , Régis Cottereau , Marc Laforest , Serge Prudhomme

In this paper, we introduce a model-based deep-learning approach to solve finite-horizon continuous-time stochastic control problems with jumps. We iteratively train two neural networks: one to represent the optimal policy and the other to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Patrick Cheridito , Jean-Loup Dupret , Donatien Hainaut

In this paper, training a neural network is identified, exactly, as a search through Hamilton--Jacobi initial-value problems: each gradient step selects the initial data of a viscous Hamilton--Jacobi equation whose Hopf--Cole propagator…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Jose Marie Antonio Miñoza , Erika Fille T. Legara , Christopher P. Monterola

Neural networks have been very successful in many applications; we often, however, lack a theoretical understanding of what the neural networks are actually learning. This problem emerges when trying to generalise to new data sets. The…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2022-11-22 Matthew Thorpe , Yves van Gennip

Feature propagation in Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) can be associated to nonlinear discrete dynamical systems. The novelty, in this paper, lies in letting the discretization parameter (time step-size) vary from layer to layer, which needs to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-04-20 Harbir Antil , Hugo Díaz , Evelyn Herberg

Developing efficient numerical algorithms for the solution of high dimensional random Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) has been a challenging task due to the well-known curse of dimensionality. We present a new solution framework for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-17 Mohammad Amin Nabian , Hadi Meidani

Residual deep neural networks (ResNets) are mathematically described as interacting particle systems. In the case of infinitely many layers the ResNet leads to a system of coupled system of ordinary differential equations known as neural…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2022-05-11 M. Herty , A. Thuenen , T. Trimborn , G. Visconti

In recent years, deep learning has been connected with optimal control as a way to define a notion of a continuous underlying learning problem. In this view, neural networks can be interpreted as a discretization of a parametric Ordinary…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-07-07 Joubine Aghili , Olga Mula

In this paper we explore the relation between distributionally robust learning and different forms of regularization to enforce robustness of deep neural networks. In particular, starting from a concrete min-max distributionally robust…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-03-29 Camilo Garcia Trillos , Nicolas Garcia Trillos

Training deep neural networks (DNNs) can be difficult due to the occurrence of vanishing/exploding gradients during weight optimization. To avoid this problem, we propose a class of DNNs stemming from the time discretization of Hamiltonian…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-28 Clara L. Galimberti , Liang Xu , Giancarlo Ferrari Trecate

We propose a novel data-driven neural network (NN) optimization framework for solving an optimal stochastic control problem under stochastic constraints. Customized activation functions for the output layers of the NN are applied, which…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-06-21 Marc Chen , Mohammad Shirazi , Peter A. Forsyth , Yuying Li

We construct a deep learning-based numerical algorithm to solve path-dependent partial differential equations arising in the context of rough volatility. Our approach is based on interpreting the PDE as a solution to an BSDE, building upon…

Pricing of Securities · Quantitative Finance 2026-02-03 Antoine Jacquier , Zan Zuric

In this paper we establish a connection between non-convex optimization methods for training deep neural networks and nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). Relaxation techniques arising in statistical physics which have already…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-05 Pratik Chaudhari , Adam Oberman , Stanley Osher , Stefano Soatto , Guillaume Carlier

In recent years a large literature on deep learning based methods for the numerical solution partial differential equations has emerged; results for integro-differential equations on the other hand are scarce. In this paper we study deep…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-09-27 Rüdiger Frey , Verena Köck
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