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Linearizability is a well-known correctness property for concurrent and distributed systems. In the past, it was also used to prove the design and implementation of replicated state-machines correct. State-machine replication (SMR) is a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Franz J. Hauck , Alexander Heß

Replication ensures data availability in fault-prone distributed systems. The celebrated CAP theorem stipulates that replicas cannot guarantee both strong consistency and availability under network partitions. A popular alternative, adopted…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Petr Kuznetsov , Maxence Perion , Sara Tucci-Piergiovanni

Building consensus sequences based on distributed, fault-tolerant consensus, as used for replicated state machines, typically requires a separate distributed state for every new consensus instance. Allocating and maintaining this state…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Jan Skrzypczak , Florian Schintke , Thorsten Schütt

A CRDT is a data type whose operations commute when they are concurrent. Replicas of a CRDT eventually converge without any complex concurrency control. As an existence proof, we exhibit a non-trivial CRDT: a shared edit buffer called…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2009-07-07 Mihai Letia , Nuno Preguiça , Marc Shapiro

Operation-based Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) are eventually consistent replicated data types that automatically resolve conflicts between concurrent operations. Op-based CRDTs must be designed differently for each data type,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-04-10 Matthew Weidner , Heather Miller , Christopher Meiklejohn

State-machine replication, a fundamental approach to fault tolerance, requires replicas to execute commands deterministically, which usually results in sequential execution of commands. Sequential execution limits performance and underuses…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2014-04-29 Parisa Jalili Marandi , Fernando Pedone

Trees are fundamental data structure for many areas of computer science and system engineering. In this report, we show how to ensure eventual consistency of optimistically replicated trees. In optimistic replication, the different replicas…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-01-10 Stéphane Martin , Mehdi Ahmed-Nacer , Pascal Urso

Um CRDT \'e um tipo de dados que pode ser replicado e modificado concorrentemente sem coordena\c{c}\~ao, garantindo-se a converg\^encia das r\'eplicas atrav\'es da resolu\c{c}\~ao autom\'atica de conflitos. Cada CRDT implementa uma…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-03-11 André Rijo , Carla Ferreira , Nuno Preguiça

Consensus, state-machine replication (SMR) and total order broadcast (TOB) protocols are notorious for being poorly scalable with the number of participating nodes. Despite the recent race to reduce overall message complexity of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-03-14 Chrysoula Stathakopoulou , Matej Pavlovic , Marko Vukolić

Data replication is used in distributed systems to maintain up-to-date copies of shared data across multiple computers in a network. However, despite decades of research, algorithms for achieving consistency in replicated systems are still…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-08-30 Victor B. F. Gomes , Martin Kleppmann , Dominic P. Mulligan , Alastair R. Beresford

In Opportunistic Networks (OppNets), the dissemination of information can only rely on transient pairwise radio contacts between mobile devices (peers). Designing distributed applications that can run in such conditions is a challenge, but…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Frédéric Guidec , Yves Mahéo

The private chain-based Internet of Things (IoT) system ensures the security of cross-organizational data sharing. As a widely used consensus model in private chains, the leader-based state-machine replication (SMR) model meets the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Dongjie Zhu , Haiwen Du , Yundong Sun , Zhaoshuo Tian

***** This design is a duplicate of a Causal Length Set (see notes in the comments). We leave nonetheless the original paper here because the proofs are referred to in another submission.***** The 2P-Set Conflict-Free Replicated Data Type…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Erick Lavoie

Conflict-Free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) for JSON allow users to concurrently update a JSON document and automatically merge the updates into a consistent state. Moving a subtree in a map or reordering elements in a list within a JSON…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Liangrun Da , Martin Kleppmann

Conflict-free replicated data types (CRDTs) are a promising tool for designing scalable, coordination-free distributed systems. However, constructing correct CRDTs is difficult, posing a challenge for even seasoned developers. As a result,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-09-23 Shadaj Laddad , Conor Power , Mae Milano , Alvin Cheung , Joseph M. Hellerstein

Traditional approaches to replication require client requests to be ordered before making them durable by copying them to replicas. As a result, clients must wait for two round-trip times (RTTs) before updates complete. In this paper, we…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-10-30 Seo Jin Park , John Ousterhout

We introduce Coordination-free Collaborative Replication (CCR), a new method for maintaining consistency across replicas in distributed systems without requiring explicit coordination messages. CCR automates conflict resolution, contrasting…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Masato Takeichi

Consensus protocols are fundamental in distributed systems as they enable software with strong consistency properties. However, designing optimized protocols for specific use-cases under certain system assumptions is typically a laborious…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Julian Haas , Ragnar Mogk , Annette Bieniusa , Mira Mezini

State-machine replication, a fundamental approach to designing fault-tolerant services, requires commands to be executed in the same order by all replicas. Moreover, command execution must be deterministic: each replica must produce the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2013-11-26 Parisa Jalili Marandi , Carlos Eduardo Bezerra , Fernando Pedone

Distributed systems address the increasing demand for fast access to resources and fault tolerance for data. However, due to scalability requirements, software developers need to trade consistency for performance. For certain data,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-11-02 Xin Zhao , Philipp Haller