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Spaced repetition is a technique for efficient memorization which uses repeated, spaced review of content to improve long-term retention. Can we find the optimal reviewing schedule to maximize the benefits of spaced repetition? In this…

In the study of human learning, there is broad evidence that our ability to retain information improves with repeated exposure and decays with delay since last exposure. This plays a crucial role in the design of educational software,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-06-09 Siddharth Reddy , Igor Labutov , Siddhartha Banerjee , Thorsten Joachims

Students have a limited time to study and are typically ineffective at allocating study time. Machine-directed study strategies that identify which items need reinforcement and dictate the spacing of repetition have been shown to help…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-03-02 Shane Mooney , Karen Sun , Eric Bomgardner

The forgetting curve has been extensively explored by psychologists, educationalists and cognitive scientists alike. In the context of Intelligent Tutoring Systems, modelling the forgetting curve for each user and knowledge component (e.g.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-24 Ahmed Zaidi , Andrew Caines , Russell Moore , Paula Buttery , Andrew Rice

The paper presents a novel model-based method for intelligent tutoring, with particular emphasis on the problem of selecting teaching interventions in interaction with humans. Whereas previous work has focused on either personalization of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-02-22 Aurélien Nioche , Pierre-Alexandre Murena , Carlos de la Torre-Ortiz , Antti Oulasvirta

Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) with implicit neural representations has received extensive attention due to the expressive representation power and the innovative paradigm of continual learning. However, deploying such a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Baicheng Li , Zike Yan , Dong Wu , Hanqing Jiang , Hongbin Zha

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is committed to capturing students' knowledge mastery from their historical interactions. Simulating students' memory states is a promising approach to enhance both the performance and interpretability of knowledge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Mingrong Lin , Ke Deng , Zhengyang Wu , Zetao Zheng , Jie Li

To acquire a new skill, humans learn better and faster if a tutor, based on their current knowledge level, informs them of how much attention they should pay to particular content or practice problems. Similarly, a machine learning model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Xinyi Wang , Hieu Pham , Paul Michel , Antonios Anastasopoulos , Jaime Carbonell , Graham Neubig

How can we help a forgetful learner learn multiple concepts within a limited time frame? While there have been extensive studies in designing optimal schedules for teaching a single concept given a learner's memory model, existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-10-28 Anette Hunziker , Yuxin Chen , Oisin Mac Aodha , Manuel Gomez Rodriguez , Andreas Krause , Pietro Perona , Yisong Yue , Adish Singla

Self-paced learning (SPL) mimics the cognitive process of humans, who generally learn from easy samples to hard ones. One key issue in SPL is the training process required for each instance weight depends on the other samples and thus…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-09 Xuchao Zhang , Liang Zhao , Zhiqian Chen , Chang-Tien Lu

Lifelong person re-identification (LReID) is an important but challenging task that suffers from catastrophic forgetting due to significant domain gaps between training steps. Existing LReID approaches typically rely on data replay and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Kunlun Xu , Chenghao Jiang , Peixi Xiong , Yuxin Peng , Jiahuan Zhou

For many types of learning, spaced training that involves repeated long inter-trial intervals (ITIs) leads to more robust memory formation than does massed training that involves short or no intervals. Several cognitive theories have been…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2016-06-28 Paul Smolen , Yili Zhang , John H. Byrne

To mitigate forgetting, existing lifelong event detection methods typically maintain a memory module and replay the stored memory data during the learning of a new task. However, the simple combination of memory data and new-task samples…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Chengwei Qin , Ruirui Chen , Ruochen Zhao , Wenhan Xia , Shafiq Joty

Student procrastination and cramming for deadlines are major challenges in online learning environments, with negative educational and well-being side effects. Modeling student activities in continuous time and predicting their next study…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Mengfan Yao , Siqian Zhao , Shaghayegh Sahebi , Reza Feyzi Behnagh

When a computational system continuously learns from an ever-changing environment, it rapidly forgets its past experiences. This phenomenon is called catastrophic forgetting. While a line of studies has been proposed with respect to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-09-15 Haruka Asanuma , Shiro Takagi , Yoshihiro Nagano , Yuki Yoshida , Yasuhiko Igarashi , Masato Okada

Rehearsal is one of the key techniques for mitigating catastrophic forgetting and has been widely adopted in continual learning algorithms due to its simplicity and practicality. However, the theoretical understanding of how rehearsal scale…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 JinLi He , Liang Bai , Xian Yang

A major challenge in the field of education is providing review schedules that present learned items at appropriate intervals to each student so that memory is retained over time. In recent years, attempts have been made to formulate item…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Yoshiki Kubotani , Yoshihiro Fukuhara , Shigeo Morishima

Continual learning is the problem of learning new tasks or knowledge while protecting old knowledge and ideally generalizing from old experience to learn new tasks faster. Neural networks trained by stochastic gradient descent often degrade…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-27 David Rolnick , Arun Ahuja , Jonathan Schwarz , Timothy P. Lillicrap , Greg Wayne

Federated learning encounters a critical challenge of data heterogeneity, adversely affecting the performance and convergence of the federated model. Various approaches have been proposed to address this issue, yet their effectiveness is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Jinqian Chen , Jihua Zhu , Qinghai Zheng

Continual learning seeks to enable machine learning systems to solve an increasing corpus of tasks sequentially. A critical challenge for continual learning is forgetting, where the performance on previously learned tasks decreases as new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Yasaman Mahdaviyeh , James Lucas , Mengye Ren , Andreas S. Tolias , Richard Zemel , Toniann Pitassi
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