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Verification of quantum computations is crucial as experiments advance toward fault-tolerant quantum computing. Yet, no efficient protocol exists for certifying states generated in the Magic-State Injection model -- the foundation of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-11 Sami Abdul Sater , Maxime Garnier , Thierry Martinez , Harold Ollivier , Ulysse Chabaud

We consider the efficiency of classically simulating measurement-based quantum computation on surface-code states. We devise a method for calculating the elements of the probability distribution for the classical output of the quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-11-01 Leonard Goff , Robert Raussendorf

Simulating quantum states on a classical computer is hard, typically requiring prohibitive resources in terms of memory and computational power. Efficient simulation, however, can be achieved for certain classes of quantum states, in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-19 Igor Brandão , Daniel Tandeitnik , Thiago Guerreiro

Classical simulations of quantum systems are notoriously difficult computational problems, with conventional state vector and tensor network methods restricted to quantum systems that feature only a small number of qudits. The recently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-28 Ben Harper , Azar C. Nakhl , Thomas Quella , Martin Sevior , Muhammad Usman

We introduce a general method for the construction of quasiprobability representations for arbitrary notions of quantum coherence. Our technique yields a nonnegative probability distribution for the decomposition of any classical state.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-22 J. Sperling , I. A. Walmsley

In this paper, we develop a new classical simulation of quantum bit (qubit) by use of analog components in order to be able to simulate the quantum properties such as the superposition of states. As part of this new approach, we have also…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-27 A. Chouikh , T. Said , M. Bennai

Classical simulation of quantum circuits plays a crucial role in validating quantum hardware and delineating the boundaries of quantum advantage. Among the most effective simulation techniques are those based on the stabilizer extent, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-23 Giulio Camillo , Filipa C. R. Peres , Markus Heinrich , Juani Bermejo-Vega

Classical simulation of quantum computers is an irreplaceable step in the design of quantum algorithms. Exponential simulation costs demand the use of high-performance computing techniques, and in particular distribution, whereby the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-06 Tyson Jones , Bálint Koczor , Simon C. Benjamin

The Gottesman-Knill theorem asserts that a quantum circuit composed of Clifford gates can be efficiently simulated on a classical computer. Here we revisit this theorem and extend it to quantum circuits composed of Clifford and T gates,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-11 Sergey Bravyi , David Gosset

It was recently shown that a hidden variable model can be constructed for universal quantum computation with magic states on qubits. Here we show that this result can be extended, and a hidden variable model can be defined for quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-01 Michael Zurel , Cihan Okay , Robert Raussendorf , Arne Heimendahl

We study the computational power of unitary Clifford circuits with solely magic state inputs (CM circuits), supplemented by classical efficient computation. We show that CM circuits are hard to classically simulate up to multiplicative…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-06-19 Mithuna Yoganathan , Richard Jozsa , Sergii Strelchuk

We investigate the boundary between classical and quantum computational power. This work consists of two parts. First we develop new classical simulation algorithms that are centered on sampling methods. Using these techniques we generate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-02-20 M. Van den Nest

Simulation of conditional master equations is important to describe systems under continuous measurement and for the design of control strategies in quantum systems. For large bosonic systems, such as BEC and atom lasers, full quantum field…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-30 M. R. Hush , A. R. R. Carvalho , J. J. Hope

Magic states are essential for universal quantum computation and are widely viewed as a key source of quantum advantage, yet in realistic devices they are inevitably noisy. In this work, we characterize how noise on injected magic resources…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Jiwon Heo , Sojeong Park , Changhun Oh

We consider a model of quantum computation in which the set of elementary operations is limited to Clifford unitaries, the creation of the state $|0\rangle$ computational basis. In addition, we allow the creation of a one-qubit ancilla in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-07 Sergei Bravyi , Alexei Kitaev

Noise in quantum operations often negates the advantage of quantum computation. However, most classical simulations of quantum computers calculate the ideal probability amplitudes either storing full state vectors or using sophisticated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-18 Shigeo Hakkaku , Keisuke Fujii

We propose examples of a hybrid quantum-classical simulation where a classical computer assisted by a small quantum processor can efficiently simulate a larger quantum system. First we consider sparse quantum circuits such that each qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-07-06 Sergey Bravyi , Graeme Smith , John Smolin

The nonstabilizerness of quantum states is a necessary resource for universal quantum computation, yet its characterization is notoriously demanding. Quantifying nonstabilizerness typically requires an exponential number of measurements and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-24 J. M. Varela , L. L. Keller , A. de Oliveira Junior , D. A. Moreira , R. Chaves , R. A. Macêdo

A two-step optimization is proposed to represent an arbitrary quantum state to a desired accuracy with the least number of gaussians in phase space. The Husimi distribution of the quantum state provides the information to determine the…

Atomic and Molecular Clusters · Physics 2009-11-10 Anatole Kenfack , Jan M Rost , Alfredo M Ozorio de Almeida

We generalize the polynomial-time outcome-complete simulation algorithm for stabilizer circuits in arXiv:2309.08676 to track global phases exactly, yielding what we call phased outcome-complete simulation. The original algorithm enabled…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Vadym Kliuchnikov , Adam Paetznick , Marcus P. da Silva