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The Cachazo-He-Yuan (CHY) formula for on-shell scattering amplitudes are extended off-shell. The off-shell amplitudes are M\"obius invariant, and have the same momentum poles as the on-shell amplitudes. The same technique is also used to…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2016-02-23 C. S. Lam , York-Peng Yao

In this paper, we have introduced a fundamentally different approach, based on a bottom-up methodology, to expand tree-level Yang-Mills (YM) amplitudes into Yang-Mills-scalar (YMS) amplitudes and Bi-adjoint-scalar (BAS) amplitudes. Our…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-05-05 Chang Hu , Kang Zhou

It was proposed in hep-th/0403047 that all tree amplitudes in pure Yang-Mills theory can be constructed from known MHV amplitudes. We apply this approach for calculating tree amplitudes of gauge fields and fermions and find agreement with…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2010-02-03 George Georgiou , Valentin V. Khoze

A proof is given of the formula, recently proposed by Cachazo, He and Yuan (CHY) for gluon tree amplitudes in pure Yang-Mills theory in arbitrary dimension. The approach is to first establish the corresponding result for massless $\phi^3$…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-18 Louise Dolan , Peter Goddard

As an alternative to the usual Feynman graphs, tree amplitudes in Yang-Mills theory can be constructed from tree graphs in which the vertices are tree level MHV scattering amplitudes, continued off shell in a particular fashion. The…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2010-04-07 Freddy Cachazo , Peter Svrcek , Edward Witten

In our recent works, a new approach for constructing tree amplitudes, based on exploiting soft behaviors, was proposed. In this paper, we extend this approach to effective theories for gluons which incorporate higher-derivative…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-05-05 Kang Zhou , Chang Hu

In this work, we prove the new factorization pattern for tree-level Yang-Mills (YM) amplitudes proposed in a companion paper. This pattern reveals a decomposition of amplitudes into a sum of gluings of lower-point amplitudes under specific…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-03-11 Yong Zhang

Over the past few decades, it has been realised that gauge theory scattering amplitudes have structures much simpler than the traditional Feynman graph driven approach would suggest. In particular, Parke and Taylor found a particularly…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2008-08-15 James H. Ettle

Tree-level scattering amplitudes in planar N=4 super Yang-Mills are known to be Yangian-invariant. It has been shown that integrability allows to obtain a general, explicit method to find such invariants. The uplifting of this result to the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2017-08-02 Livia Ferro , Tomasz Lukowski , Andrea Orta , Matteo Parisi

We translate between different formulations of Yangian invariants relevant for the computation of tree-level scattering amplitudes in N=4 super-Yang--Mills theory. While the R-operator formulation allows to relate scattering amplitudes to…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2014-08-27 Johannes Broedel , Marius de Leeuw , Matteo Rosso

In this paper we consider tree-level gauge invariant off-shell amplitudes (Wilson line form factors) in $\mathcal{N}=4$ SYM with arbitrary number of off-shell gluons or equivalently Wilson line operator insertions. We make a conjecture for…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-02-20 L. V. Bork , A. I. Onishchenko

We investigate Yangian invariance of deformed on-shell diagrams with D=4, N=4 superconformal symmetry. We find that invariance implies a direct relationship between the deformation parameters and the permutation associated to the on-shell…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2014-08-27 Niklas Beisert , Johannes Broedel , Matteo Rosso

We propose a new, twistor string theory inspired formalism to calculate loop amplitudes in N=4 super Yang-Mills theory. In this approach, maximal helicity violating (MHV) tree amplitudes of N=4 super Yang-Mills are used as vertices, using…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2010-04-05 Andreas Brandhuber , Bill Spence , Gabriele Travaglini

In this note we further investigate the procedure for computing tree-level amplitudes in Yang-Mills theory from connected instantons in the B-model on P^{3|4}, emphasizing that the problem of calculating Feynman diagrams is recast into the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2011-05-05 Radu Roiban , Marcus Spradlin , Anastasia Volovich

Scattering amplitudes in Yang-Mills theory can be represented in the formalism of Cachazo, He and Yuan (CHY) as integrals over an auxiliary projective space---fully localized on the support of the scattering equations. Because solving the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2016-12-21 N. E. J. Bjerrum-Bohr , Jacob L. Bourjaily , Poul H. Damgaard , Bo Feng

Following a remark advanced by Feynman,we study the connection between the form of the nonlinear vertices involving gauge particles and the Abelian gauge invariance of physical tree amplitudes. We show that this requirement, together with…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-28 F. T. Brandt , J. Frenkel

Using the Cachazo-He-Yuan (CHY) formalism, we prove a recursive expansion of tree level single trace Einstein-Yang-Mills (EYM) amplitudes with arbitrary number of gluons and gravitons, which is valid for general spacetime dimensions and any…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2017-05-22 Fei Teng , Bo Feng

Pfaffian diagrams are formulated to represent gluon amplitudes computed from the Cachazo-He-Yuan (CHY) formula. They may be regarded as a systematic regrouping of Feynman diagrams after internal momenta are expanded and products of vertex…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-10-10 C. S. Lam

We compute off-shell three- and four-tachyon amplitudes at tree level by using a prescription based on the requirement of projective invariance. In particular we show that the off-shell four-tachyon amplitude can be put in the same form as…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-31 F. Cuomo , R. Marotta , F. Nicodemi , R. Pettorino , F. Pezzella , G. Sabella

In this note, we use the new bottom up method based on soft theorems to construct the expansion of single-trace Yang-Mills-scalar amplitudes recursively. The resulted expansion manifests the gauge invariance for any polarization carried by…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-05-05 Fang-Stars Wei , Kang Zhou
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