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Currently, traffic signal control (TSC) methods based on reinforcement learning (RL) have proven superior to traditional methods. However, most RL methods face difficulties when applied in the real world due to three factors: input, output,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Haoyuan Jiang , Xuantang Xiong , Ziyue Li , Hangyu Mao , Guanghu Sui , Jingqing Ruan , Yuheng Cheng , Hua Wei , Wolfgang Ketter , Rui Zhao

Effective traffic control is essential for mitigating congestion in transportation networks. Conventional traffic management strategies, including route guidance and ramp metering, often rely on state feedback controllers, which are used…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Giray Önür , Azita Dabiri , Bart De Schutter

Reinforcement learning (RL) faces challenges in trajectory planning for urban automated driving due to the poor convergence of RL and the difficulty in designing reward functions. Consequently, few RL-based trajectory planning methods can…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Di Zeng , Ling Zheng , Xiantong Yang , Yinong Li

Navigating urban intersections, especially when interacting with heterogeneous traffic participants, presents a formidable challenge for autonomous vehicles (AVs). In such environments, safety risks arise simultaneously from multiple…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-30 Yuansheng Lian , Ke Zhang , Yaming Guo , Shen Li , Meng Li

A number of deep reinforcement-learning (RL) approaches propose to control traffic signals. In this work, we study the robustness of such methods along two axes. First, sensor failures and GPS occlusions create missing-data challenges and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Tianyu Shi , Francois-Xavier Devailly , Denis Larocque , Laurent Charlin

Human-driven vehicles (HVs) exhibit complex and diverse behaviors. Accurately modeling such behavior is crucial for validating Robot Vehicles (RVs) in simulation and realizing the potential of mixed traffic control. However, existing…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Bibek Poudel , Weizi Li , Shuai Li

Temporal information is essential to learning effective policies with Reinforcement Learning (RL). However, current state-of-the-art RL algorithms either assume that such information is given as part of the state space or, when learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-07 Wenling Shang , Xiaofei Wang , Aravind Srinivas , Aravind Rajeswaran , Yang Gao , Pieter Abbeel , Michael Laskin

In reinforcement learning-based (RL-based) traffic signal control (TSC), decisions on the signal timing are made based on the available information on vehicles at a road intersection. This forms the state representation for the RL…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-13 Lawrence Francis , Blessed Guda , Ahmed Biyabani

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a method for learning decision-making tasks that could enable robots to learn and adapt to their situation on-line. For an RL algorithm to be practical for robotic control tasks, it must learn in very few…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Todd Hester , Michael Quinlan , Peter Stone

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) uses diverse, unstructured data and makes RL capable of learning complex policies in high dimensional environments. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) based on Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) offers an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-30 Anum Mushtaq , Irfan ul Haq , Muhammad Azeem Sarwar , Asifullah Khan , Omair Shafiq

Urban autonomous driving decision making is challenging due to complex road geometry and multi-agent interactions. Current decision making methods are mostly manually designing the driving policy, which might result in sub-optimal solutions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-23 Jianyu Chen , Bodi Yuan , Masayoshi Tomizuka

This paper considers optimal traffic signal control in smart cities, which has been taken as a complex networked system control problem. Given the interacting dynamics among traffic lights and road networks, attaining controller adaptivity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Yao Zhang , Zhiwen Yu , Jun Zhang , Liang Wang , Tom H. Luan , Bin Guo , Chau Yuen

Traffic simulations are commonly used to optimize urban traffic flow, with reinforcement learning (RL) showing promising potential for automated traffic signal control, particularly in intelligent transportation systems involving connected…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-19 Talha Azfar , Kaicong Huang , Andrew Tracy , Sandra Misiewicz , Chenxi Liu , Ruimin Ke

We study reinforcement learning (RL) problems in which agents observe the reward or transition realizations at their current state before deciding which action to take. Such observations are available in many applications, including…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Nadav Merlis

Existing traffic control systems only possess a local perspective over the multiple scales of traffic evolution, namely the intersection level, the corridor level, and the region level respectively. But luckily, despite its complex…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-25 Cristian Axenie , Margherita Grossi

Recently, safe reinforcement learning (RL) with the actor-critic structure for continuous control tasks has received increasing attention. It is still challenging to learn a near-optimal control policy with safety and convergence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Xinglong Zhang , Yaoqian Peng , Biao Luo , Wei Pan , Xin Xu , Haibin Xie

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising solution for autonomous vehicles to deal with complex and uncertain traffic environments. The RL training process is however expensive, unsafe, and time consuming. Algorithms are often developed…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Kevin Voogd , Jean Pierre Allamaa , Javier Alonso-Mora , Tong Duy Son

When autonomous vehicles are deployed on public roads, they will encounter countless and diverse driving situations. Many manually designed driving policies are difficult to scale to the real world. Fortunately, reinforcement learning has…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Letian Wang , Jie Liu , Hao Shao , Wenshuo Wang , Ruobing Chen , Yu Liu , Steven L. Waslander

Taking advantage of both vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication and automated driving technology, connected and automated vehicles are quickly becoming one of the transformative solutions to many transportation problems. However, in a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-01 Zhengwei Bai , Peng Hao , Wei Shangguan , Baigen Cai , Matthew J. Barth

Reinforcement learning-based traffic signal control (RL-TSC) has emerged as a promising approach for improving urban mobility. However, its robustness under real-world disruptions such as traffic incidents remains largely underexplored. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Dang Viet Anh Nguyen , Carlos Lima Azevedo , Tomer Toledo , Filipe Rodrigues
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