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The Tsetlin Machine (TM) architecture has recently demonstrated effectiveness in Machine Learning (ML), particularly within Natural Language Processing (NLP). It has been utilized to construct word embedding using conjunctive propositional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Ahmed K. Kadhim , Lei Jiao , Rishad Shafik , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Bimal Bhattarai

Medical applications challenge today's text categorization techniques by demanding both high accuracy and ease-of-interpretation. Although deep learning has provided a leap ahead in accuracy, this leap comes at the sacrifice of…

Recommendation Systems (RSs) are ubiquitous in modern society and are one of the largest points of interaction between humans and AI. Modern RSs are often implemented using deep learning models, which are infamously difficult to interpret.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Karl Audun Borgersen , Morten Goodwin , Jivitesh Sharma

Tsetlin Machines (TMs) have garnered increasing interest for their ability to learn concepts via propositional formulas and their proven efficiency across various application domains. Despite this, the convergence proof for the TMs,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Mohamed-Bachir Belaid , Jivitesh Sharma , Lei Jiao , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Per-Arne Andersen , Anis Yazidi

Pattern recognition with concise and flat AND-rules makes the Tsetlin Machine (TM) both interpretable and efficient, while the power of Tsetlin automata enables accuracy comparable to deep learning on an increasing number of datasets. We…

The Tsetlin Machine (TM) is a novel machine-learning algorithm based on propositional logic, which has obtained state-of-the-art performance on several pattern recognition problems. In previous studies, the convergence properties of TM for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Lei Jiao , Xuan Zhang , Ole-Christoffer Granmo

Despite significant effort, building models that are both interpretable and accurate is an unresolved challenge for many pattern recognition problems. In general, rule-based and linear models lack accuracy, while deep learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-12 K. Darshana Abeyrathna , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Morten Goodwin

Tsetlin Machine (TM) has been gaining popularity as an inherently interpretable machine leaning method that is able to achieve promising performance with low computational complexity on a variety of applications. The interpretability and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-29 Jivitesh Sharma , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Lei Jiao

TMs are a pattern recognition approach that uses finite state machines for learning and propositional logic to represent patterns. In addition to being natively interpretable, they have provided competitive accuracy for various tasks. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Rupsa Saha , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Vladimir I. Zadorozhny , Morten Goodwin

Green Tsetlin (GT) is a Tsetlin Machine (TM) framework developed to solve real-world problems using TMs. Several frameworks already exist that provide access to TM implementations. However, these either lack features or have a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Sondre Glimsdal , Sebastian Østby , Tobias M. Brambo , Eirik M. Vinje

Tsetlin Machines (TMs) capture patterns using conjunctive clauses in propositional logic, thus facilitating interpretation. However, recent TM-based approaches mainly rely on inspecting the full range of clauses individually. Such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-29 Christian D. Blakely , Ole-Christoffer Granmo

We present an all-digital programmable machine learning accelerator chip for image classification, underpinning on the Tsetlin machine (TM) principles. The TM is an emerging machine learning algorithm founded on propositional logic,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Svein Anders Tunheim , Yujin Zheng , Lei Jiao , Rishad Shafik , Alex Yakovlev , Ole-Christoffer Granmo

The Tsetlin Machine (TM) has recently attracted attention as a low-power alternative to neural networks due to its simple and interpretable inference mechanisms. However, its performance on speech-related tasks remains limited. This paper…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Baizhou Lin , Yuetong Fang , Renjing Xu , Rishad Shafik , Jagmohan Chauhan

This paper introduces the Sparse Tsetlin Machine (STM), a novel Tsetlin Machine (TM) that processes sparse data efficiently. Traditionally, the TM does not consider data characteristics such as sparsity, commonly seen in NLP applications…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Sebastian Østby , Tobias M. Brambo , Sondre Glimsdal

The proliferation of fake news, i.e., news intentionally spread for misinformation, poses a threat to individuals and society. Despite various fact-checking websites such as PolitiFact, robust detection techniques are required to deal with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-20 Bimal Bhattarai , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Lei Jiao

Modern technologies are producing datasets with complex intrinsic structures, and they can be naturally represented as matrices instead of vectors. To preserve the latent data structures during processing, modern regression approaches…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-11-16 Hang Zhang , Fengyuan Zhu , Shixin Li

The rapid adoption of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is transforming healthcare by enabling seamless connectivity among medical devices, systems, and services. However, it also introduces serious cybersecurity and patient safety…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Rahul Jaiswal , Per-Arne Andersen , Linga Reddy Cenkeramaddi , Lei Jiao , Ole-Christoffer Granmo

We propose Token Turing Machines (TTM), a sequential, autoregressive Transformer model with memory for real-world sequential visual understanding. Our model is inspired by the seminal Neural Turing Machine, and has an external memory…

Data modeling using Tsetlin machines (TMs) is all about building logical rules from the data features. The decisions of the model are based on a combination of these logical rules. Hence, the model is fully transparent and it is possible to…

Frontier AI models have achieved remarkable progress, yet recent studies suggest they struggle with compositional reasoning, often performing at or below random chance on established benchmarks. We revisit this problem and show that widely…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Yinglun Zhu , Jiancheng Zhang , Fuzhi Tang