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This article conducts a literature review of current and future challenges in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in cyber physical systems. The literature review is focused on identifying a conceptual framework for increasing…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Petar Radanliev , David De Roure , Max Van Kleek , Omar Santos , Uchenna Ani

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the disruptive technologies that is shaping the future. It has growing applications for data-driven decisions in major smart city solutions, including transportation, education, healthcare, public…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-02 M. Humayn Kabir , Khondokar Fida Hasan , Mohammad Kamrul Hasan , Keyvan Ansari

As artificial intelligence (AI) systems become increasingly adopted across sectors, the need for robust, proactive security strategies is paramount. Traditional defensive measures often fall short against the unique and evolving threats…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Josh Harguess , Chris M. Ward

In the vast domain of cybersecurity, the transition from reactive defense to offensive has become critical in protecting digital infrastructures. This paper explores the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into offensive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Leroy Jacob Valencia

The recent embrace of machine learning (ML) in the development of autonomous weapons systems (AWS) creates serious risks to geopolitical stability and the free exchange of ideas in AI research. This topic has received comparatively little…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Riley Simmons-Edler , Ryan Badman , Shayne Longpre , Kanaka Rajan

Artificial intelligence (AI) is regarded as one of the most disruptive technology of the century and with countless applications. What does it mean for radiation protection? This article describes the fundamentals of machine learning (ML)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Sylvain Andresz , A Zéphir , Jeremy Bez , Maxime Karst , J. Danieli

Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods are powerful tools for various domains, including critical fields such as avionics, where certification is required to achieve and maintain an acceptable level of safety. General solutions for…

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionize various sectors, yet its adoption is often hindered by concerns about data privacy, security, and the understanding of AI capabilities. This paper synthesizes AI governance…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Dian W. Tjondronegoro

Military weapon systems and command-and-control infrastructure augmented by artificial intelligence (AI) have seen rapid development and deployment in recent years. However, the sociotechnical impacts of AI on combat systems, military…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Riley Simmons-Edler , Jean Dong , Paul Lushenko , Kanaka Rajan , Ryan P. Badman

Ttraditional safety engineering is coming to a turning point moving from deterministic, non-evolving systems operating in well-defined contexts to increasingly autonomous and learning-enabled AI systems which are acting in largely…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-13 Harald Rueß , Simon Burton

Today's AI deployments often require significant human involvement and skill in the operational stages of the model lifecycle, including pre-release testing, monitoring, problem diagnosis and model improvements. We present a set of enabling…

Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) tools increasingly permeate every possible social, political, and economic sphere; sorting, taxonomizing and predicting complex human behaviour and social phenomena. However, from…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-06-10 Abeba Birhane

Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping strategic planning, with Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) enabling coordination among autonomous agents in complex scenarios. However, its practical deployment in sensitive military…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Ardian Selmonaj , Alessandro Antonucci , Adrian Schneider , Michael Rüegsegger , Matthias Sommer

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in high-risk, decision-making scenarios presents technical, safety, and normative challenges; problems that may only be ameliorated by human oversight. However, notions of human oversight lack a…

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have become increasingly vital in the development of novel defense and intelligence capabilities across all domains of warfare. An adversarial AI (A2I) and adversarial ML (AML) attack…

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are being readily and rapidly adopted, increasingly permeating critical domains: from consumer platforms and enterprise software to networked systems with embedded agents. While this has unlocked…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Amy Chang , Tiffany Saade , Sanket Mendapara , Adam Swanda , Ankit Garg

In this work, we present and analyze reported failures of artificially intelligent systems and extrapolate our analysis to future AIs. We suggest that both the frequency and the seriousness of future AI failures will steadily increase. AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-10-26 Roman V. Yampolskiy , M. S. Spellchecker

The Department of Defense (DoD) has significantly increased its investment in the design, evaluation, and deployment of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AI/ML) capabilities to address national security needs. While there are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-08 Olivia Brown , Andrew Curtis , Justin Goodwin

Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI) using deep learning techniques has triggered its wide-scale use across a broad range of applications. These systems can already perform tasks such as natural language processing of voice and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-10-29 P. Santhanam , Eitan Farchi , Victor Pankratius

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is gradually changing the practice of surgery with the advanced technological development of imaging, navigation and robotic intervention. In this article, the recent successful and influential applications of…

Medical Physics · Physics 2020-01-06 Xiao-Yun Zhou , Yao Guo , Mali Shen , Guang-Zhong Yang