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The deployment of autonomous vehicles (AVs) has faced hurdles due to the dominance of rare but critical corner cases within the long-tail distribution of driving scenarios, which negatively affects their overall performance. To address this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Haoyi Niu , Qimao Chen , Yingyue Li , Yi Zhang , Jianming Hu

In computer science education, test cases are an integral part of programming assignments since they can be used as assessment items to test students' programming knowledge and provide personalized feedback on student-written code. The goal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Nischal Ashok Kumar , Andrew Lan

Validating the safety of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) operating in open-ended, dynamic environments is challenging as vehicles will eventually encounter safety-critical situations for which there is not representative training data. By…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Enrik Maci , Rhys Howard , Lars Kunze

Generating safety-critical scenarios, which are crucial yet difficult to collect, provides an effective way to evaluate the robustness of autonomous driving systems. However, the diversity of scenarios and efficiency of generation methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Wenhao Ding , Haohong Lin , Bo Li , Ding Zhao

Evaluating the safety of autonomous vehicles (AVs) requires diverse, safety-critical scenarios, with collisions being especially important yet rare and unsafe to collect in the real world. Therefore, the community has been focusing on…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Pin-Lun Chen , Chi-Hsi Kung , Che-Han Chang , Wei-Chen Chiu , Yi-Ting Chen

Connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) must simultaneously perform multiple tasks, such as object detection, semantic segmentation, depth estimation, trajectory prediction, motion prediction, and behaviour prediction, to ensure safe and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Jiayuan Wang , Farhad Pourpanah , Q. M. Jonathan Wu , Ning Zhang

In the scenario-based evaluation of machine learning models, a key problem is how to construct test datasets that represent various scenarios. The methodology proposed in this paper is to construct a benchmark and attach metadata to each…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Debalina Ghosh Paul , Hong Zhu , Ian Bayley

Developing safety-critical automotive software presents significant challenges due to increasing system complexity and strict regulatory demands. This paper proposes a novel framework integrating Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Sven Kirchner , Alois C. Knoll

This article summarizes the research progress of scenario-based testing and development technology for autonomous vehicles. We systematically analyzed previous research works and proposed the definition of scenario, the elements of the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-11-09 Xiaoyi Li

Approval of ADS depends on evaluating its behavior within representative real-world traffic scenarios. A common way to obtain such scenarios is to extract them from real-world data recordings. These can then be grouped and serve as basis on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Niklas Roßberg , Sinan Hasirlioglu , Mohamed Essayed Bouzouraa , Wolfgang Utschick , Michael Botsch

Scenario-based testing is a promising method to develop, verify and validate automated driving systems (ADS) since pure on-road testing seems inefficient for complex traffic environments. A major challenge for this approach is the provision…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Michael Schuldes , Christoph Glasmacher , Lutz Eckstein

Research on continuous sign language recognition (CSLR) is essential to bridge the communication gap between deaf and hearing individuals. Numerous previous studies have trained their models using the connectionist temporal classification…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Ronglai Zuo , Fangyun Wei , Brian Mak

Autonomous driving software generates enormous amounts of data every second, which software development organizations save for future analysis and testing in the form of logs. However, given the vast size of this data, locating specific…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Jesper Knapp , Klas Moberg , Yuchuan Jin , Simin Sun , Miroslaw Staron

Vehicle automation technology has made significant progress, laying the groundwork for a future of fully automated vehicles. This paper delves into the operation of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs). In prior work, we developed a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-08-10 Filippos N. Tzortzoglou , Dionysios Theodosis , Andreas Malikopoulos

Vision-language models (VLMs) have shown remarkable progress in offline tasks such as image captioning and video question answering. However, real-time interactive environments impose new demands on VLMs, requiring them to generate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Keunwoo Peter Yu , Joyce Chai

Modern highly automated and autonomous traffic systems and subsystems require new approaches to test their functional safety in the context of validation and verification. One approach that has taken a leading role in current research is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-11-23 David Reiher , Axel Hahn

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) collect and pseudo-label terabytes of multi-modal data localized to HD maps during normal fleet testing. However, identifying interesting and safety-critical scenarios from uncurated driving logs remains a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Cainan Davidson , Deva Ramanan , Neehar Peri

Context: Machine learning (ML) may enable effective automated test generation. Objective: We characterize emerging research, examining testing practices, researcher goals, ML techniques applied, evaluation, and challenges. Methods: We…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Afonso Fontes , Gregory Gay

In recent years, autonomous driving systems have made significant progress, yet ensuring their safety remains a key challenge. To this end, scenario-based testing offers a practical solution, and simulation-based methods have gained…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Jiahui Wu , Chengjie Lu , Aitor Arrieta , Shaukat Ali

To successfully launch automated vehicles into the consumer market, there must be credible proof that the vehicles will operate safely. However, finding a method to validate the vehicles' safe operation is a challenging problem. While…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Markus Steimle , Nico Weber , Markus Maurer