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Autonomous Vehicle (AV) requires rigorous testing in safety-critical scenarios for safety validation, yet its validation is hindered by the high cost of field testing and the lack of fidelity in current simulations for rare safety-critical…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Hongyi Zhao , Shuo Wang , Qijie He , Ziyuan Pu

Simulation testing is a fundamental approach for evaluating automated vehicles (AVs). To ensure its reliability, it is crucial to accurately replicate interactions between AVs and background traffic, which necessitates effective…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Jia Hu , Junqi Li , Xuerun Yan , Jintao Lai , Lianhua An

With the rapid advancement of autonomous driving technology, self-driving cars have become a central focus in the development of future transportation systems. Scenario generation technology has emerged as a crucial tool for testing and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Canjie Cai

Autonomous systems, such as self-driving vehicles, quadrupeds, and robot manipulators, are largely enabled by the rapid development of artificial intelligence. However, such systems involve several trustworthy challenges such as safety,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Wenhao Ding

To ensure their safe use, autonomous vehicles (AVs) must meet rigorous certification criteria that involve executing maneuvers safely within (arbitrary) scenarios where other actors perform their intended maneuvers. For that purpose,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Aren A. Babikian , Attila Ficsor , Oszkár Semeráth , Gunter Mussbacher , Dániel Varró

The safety of autonomous vehicles (AV) has been a long-standing top concern, stemming from the absence of rare and safety-critical scenarios in the long-tail naturalistic driving distribution. To tackle this challenge, a surge of research…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Haoyi Niu , Yizhou Xu , Xingjian Jiang , Jianming Hu

Ensuring robust safety measures across a wide range of scenarios is crucial for user-facing systems. While Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate valuable data for safety measures, they often exhibit distributional biases, focusing on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Sabit Hassan , Anthony Sicilia , Malihe Alikhani

Autonomous driving systems (ADS) are safety-critical and require comprehensive testing before their deployment on public roads. While existing testing approaches primarily aim at the criticality of scenarios, they often overlook the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Shuncheng Tang , Zhenya Zhang , Jixiang Zhou , Lei Lei , Yuan Zhou , Yinxing Xue

This paper addresses the challenges of training end-to-end autonomous driving agents using Reinforcement Learning (RL). RL agents are typically trained in a fixed set of scenarios and nominal behavior of surrounding road users in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Ahmed Abouelazm , Tim Weinstein , Tim Joseph , Philip Schörner , J. Marius Zöllner

Scene graph generation (SGG) endeavors to predict visual relationships between pairs of objects within an image. Prevailing SGG methods traditionally assume a one-off learning process for SGG. This conventional paradigm may necessitate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Tao He , Tongtong Wu , Dongyang Zhang , Guiduo Duan , Ke Qin , Yuan-Fang Li

Scenario-based testing is a key method for cost-effective and safe validation of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Existing approaches rely on imperative scenario definitions, requiring developers to manually enumerate numerous variants to achieve…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Ezio Bartocci , Alessio Gambi , Felix Gigler , Cristinel Mateis , Dejan Ničković

Scenario-based testing is considered state-of-the-art to verify and validate Advanced Driver Assistance Systems or Automated Driving Systems. Due to the official launch of the SOTIF-standard (ISO 21448), scenario-based testing becomes more…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-09 Lukas Birkemeyer , Christian King , Ina Schaefer

Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) and the idea to use hierarchical models has been around for some years now. GAI has proved to be an extremely useful tool for Autonomous Vehicles (AVs). AVs need to perform robustly in their…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-22 Diomidis Katzourakis

Developing autonomous vehicles (AVs) helps improve the road safety and traffic efficiency of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Accurately predicting the trajectories of traffic participants is essential to the decision-making and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Yunlong Lin , Zirui Li , Cheng Gong , Chao Lu , Xinwei Wang , Jianwei Gong

Rare, yet critical, scenarios pose a significant challenge in testing and evaluating autonomous driving planners. Relying solely on real-world driving scenes requires collecting massive datasets to capture these scenarios. While automatic…

Ensuring the safety of autonomous vehicles requires virtual scenario-based testing, which depends on the robust evaluation and generation of safety-critical scenarios. So far, researchers have used scenario-based testing frameworks that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Yuan Gao , Mattia Piccinini , Korbinian Moller , Amr Alanwar , Johannes Betz

The advent of Large Language Models (LLM) provides new insights to validate Automated Driving Systems (ADS). In the herein-introduced work, a novel approach to extracting scenarios from naturalistic driving datasets is presented. A…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Yongqi Zhao , Wenbo Xiao , Tomislav Mihalj , Jia Hu , Arno Eichberger

Ensuring and validating the safe operation of automated vehicles are key challenges for their market launch. Scenario-based development and test approaches are currently being pursued as possible solutions. An essential prerequisite for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Markus Steimle , Till Menzel , Markus Maurer

The widescale deployment of Autonomous Vehicles (AV) seems to be imminent despite many safety challenges that are yet to be resolved. It is well known that there are no universally agreed Verification and Validation (VV) methodologies to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-03-05 Dhanoop Karunakaran , Stewart Worrall , Eduardo Nebot

We propose a unified deep learning framework for the generation and analysis of driving scenario trajectories, and validate its effectiveness in a principled way. To model and generate scenarios of trajectories with different lengths, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Andreas Demetriou , Henrik Alfsvåg , Sadegh Rahrovani , Morteza Haghir Chehreghani