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Constructing accurate model-agnostic explanations for opaque machine learning models remains a challenging task. Classification models for high-dimensional data, like images, are often inherently complex. To reduce this complexity,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Georgios Vlassopoulos , Tim van Erven , Henry Brighton , Vlado Menkovski

Interpretability is a pressing issue for machine learning. Common approaches to interpretable machine learning constrain interactions between features of the input, rendering the effects of those features on a model's output comprehensible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Kieran A. Murphy , Dani S. Bassett

There has long been debates on how we could interpret neural networks and understand the decisions our models make. Specifically, why deep neural networks tend to be error-prone when dealing with samples that output low softmax scores. We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-12-04 Simiao Zuo , Jialin Wu

Explaining to users why automated systems make certain mistakes is important and challenging. Researchers have proposed ways to automatically produce interpretations for deep neural network models. However, it is unclear how useful these…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-08-31 Hua Shen , Ting-Hao Kenneth Huang

Linear approximations to the decision boundary of a complex model have become one of the most popular tools for interpreting predictions. In this paper, we study such linear explanations produced either post-hoc by a few recent methods or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-01-31 Maruan Al-Shedivat , Avinava Dubey , Eric P. Xing

Machine learning models support decision-making, yet the reasons behind their predictions are opaque. Clear and reliable explanations help users make informed decisions and avoid blindly trusting model outputs. However, many existing…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Francisco Mateus Rocha Filho , Ajalmar Rêgo da Rocha Neto , Thiago Alves Rocha

Lending decisions are usually made with proprietary models that provide minimally acceptable explanations to users. In a future world without such secrecy, what decision support tools would one want to use for justified lending decisions?…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Chaofan Chen , Kangcheng Lin , Cynthia Rudin , Yaron Shaposhnik , Sijia Wang , Tong Wang

Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME) is a popular method to perform interpretability of any kind of Machine Learning (ML) model. It explains one ML prediction at a time, by learning a simple linear model around the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-09 Giorgio Visani , Enrico Bagli , Federico Chesani

Robots that interact with humans in a physical space or application need to think about the person's posture, which typically comes from visual sensors like cameras and infra-red. Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms use…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Richard G. Freedman , Joseph B. Mueller , Jack Ladwig , Steven Johnston , David McDonald , Helen Wauck , Ruta Wheelock , Hayley Borck

Reliable and interpretable decision-making is essential in medical imaging, where diagnostic outcomes directly influence patient care. Despite advances in deep learning, most medical AI systems operate as opaque black boxes, providing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Pirzada Suhail , Aditya Anand , Amit Sethi

Interpretability is the study of explaining models in understandable terms to humans. At present, interpretability is divided into two paradigms: the intrinsic paradigm, which believes that only models designed to be explained can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Andreas Madsen , Himabindu Lakkaraju , Siva Reddy , Sarath Chandar

Computer vision can accelerate ecological research and conservation monitoring, yet adoption in ecology lags in part because of a lack of trust in black-box neural-network-based models. We seek to address this challenge by applying post-hoc…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Jiayi Zhou , Günel Aghakishiyeva , Saagar Arya , Julian Dale , James David Poling , Holly R. Houliston , Jamie N. Womble , Gregory D. Larsen , David W. Johnston , Brinnae Bent

Explanations are hypothesized to improve human understanding of machine learning models and achieve a variety of desirable outcomes, ranging from model debugging to enhancing human decision making. However, empirical studies have found…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Chacha Chen , Shi Feng , Amit Sharma , Chenhao Tan

The unprecedented performance of machine learning models in recent years, particularly Deep Learning and transformer models, has resulted in their application in various domains such as finance, healthcare, and education. However, the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Milad Rogha

Effectively explaining decisions of black-box machine learning models is critical to responsible deployment of AI systems that rely on them. Recognizing their importance, the field of explainable AI (XAI) provides several techniques to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Yao Rong , Peizhu Qian , Vaibhav Unhelkar , Enkelejda Kasneci

Existing algorithms for explaining the outputs of image classifiers are based on a variety of approaches and produce explanations that frequently lack formal rigour. On the other hand, logic-based explanations are formally and rigorously…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-20 David A Kelly , Hana Chockler

With the broader and highly successful usage of machine learning in industry and the sciences, there has been a growing demand for Explainable AI. Interpretability and explanation methods for gaining a better understanding about the problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-26 Wojciech Samek , Grégoire Montavon , Sebastian Lapuschkin , Christopher J. Anders , Klaus-Robert Müller

Neural networks are among the most accurate supervised learning methods in use today. However, their opacity makes them difficult to trust in critical applications, especially when conditions in training may differ from those in practice.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-03 Andrew Slavin Ross

State-of-the-art results in typical classification tasks are mostly achieved by unexplainable machine learning methods, like deep neural networks, for instance. Contrarily, in this paper, we investigate the application of rule learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Albert Nössig , Tobias Hell , Georg Moser

Deep generative models, while revolutionizing fields like image and text generation, largely operate as opaque ``black boxes'', hindering human understanding, control, and alignment. While methods like sparse autoencoders (SAEs) show…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Lingjing Kong , Shaoan Xie , Guangyi Chen , Yuewen Sun , Xiangchen Song , Eric P. Xing , Kun Zhang